Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) are a unique class of specialized metabolites containing heterocyclic nitrogen bridging that play a distinct role in higher plants. Irrespective of their diverse structures, most AAs are biosynthesized via intramolecular oxidative coupling. The complex organization of biosynthetic pathways is constantly enlightened by new insights owing to the advancement of natural product chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, biochemistry, systems and synthetic biology tools and applications. These promote novel compound identification, trace-level metabolite quantification, synthesis, and characterization of enzymes engaged in AA catalysis, enabling the recognition of biosynthetic pathways. A complete understanding of the pathway benefits biotechnological applications in the long run. This review emphasizes the structural diversity of the AA specialized metabolites involved in biogenesis although the process is not entirely defined yet. Moreover, this work underscores the pivotal role of synthetic and enantioselective studies in justifying biosynthetic conclusions. Their prospective candidacy as lead constituents for antiviral drug discovery has also been established. However, a complete understanding of the pathway requires further interdisciplinary efforts in which antiviral studies address the structure–activity relationship. This review presents current knowledge on the topic.

One widely recognized climate change mitigation strategy in agriculture is enhancing soil carbon (C) sequestration – the process of capturing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it in the soil. By adopting natural climate solutions (NCS) such as cover crops, reduced tillage, and diverse crop rotations, farmers can increase soil C sequestration and co-benefits such as biodiversity. Canada is increasingly interested in better positioning farmers to adopt NCS via government cost-share programs, ecosystem marketplaces, and outreach and education initiatives. Given the policy and market driven interest in soil C sequestration in agriculture, there is a need to advance the science policy interface, ensuring foundational science, NCS implementation, and approaches to promote NCS are aligned. Herein, the objective is to present insights from multiple disciplines that can help build connections between soil carbon sequestration science and policy relevant to Canada's croplands. The method is a review of literature on soil and pedoclimate science, agricultural NCS adoption, agricultural NCS governance, and science policy interfaces to achieve this objective. From this review, key insights underline that Canadian cropland soils do not have a homogenous history in NCS adoption and production type, nor are all regions influenced by the same contextual factors, have the same potential in C storage or exist within the same agri-environmental conditions. Therefore, it is emphasized herein that policies that aim to enhance soil organic carbon in croplands should consider local context and C sequestration potential. Policies and programs implemented locally to enhance C sequestration across Canada should be complemented by nationally scalable measuring and monitoring to ensure outcomes are accounted for against climate goals. This review aims to contribute to building a common understanding of soil C sequestration in Canada’s croplands and its science policy interface. Efforts to further strengthen the science policy interface for soil C sequestration in Canada’s croplands might include greater integration and utilization of science and data from multiple disciplines, co-design and collaborative opportunities, and establishing on-the-ground test projects to explore innovation in policy and market design.

As green chemical factories, medicinal plants contain a wide range of bioactive compounds crucial for biomaterial industries. Despite their high economic value, medicinal plants are in the last ring of domestication syndrome and have been neglected for many years by plant breeders. In recent years, plant scientists have tried to compensate for these shortages by developing different strategies, especially faster biotechnology-based methods (BBMs) to conserve and improve these valuable but neglected plants. For the first step, the information and awareness of endangered medicinal plants is very important. Kakkar et al. reviewed all available information related to the nomenclature and classification, endangerment, plant morphology, ploidy, secondary metabolites, drug pharmacokinetics, conservation, and omics-based computational studies in Aconitum genus. The presented information is very valuable in terms of conservation of endangered economically important poisonous mountainous medicinal plant species in this genus.The assessment of the genetic background of valuable medicinal plants is the second step to improve medicinal plants and schedule efficient breeding programs. In this context, the research article by Wei et al. applied the complete chloroplast genome sequencing and phylogenetic study to distinguish three Gaoben-related medicinal plants, including Ligusticum sinense, L. jeholense, and Conioselinum vaginatum, which are similar in morphology and are difficult t

Clubroot is a devastating disease affecting cruciferous crops worldwide, caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae. Currently, the use of clubroot resistant cultivars is the best strategy to stop the spreading of the disease and avoid millionaire loses experienced by the industry every year. Unfortunately, after decades of research, clubroot resistance is being overcome by new pathotypes and the mechanisms behind this remain unknown. Here we discuss how we can advance our understanding of the pathogen and the host through genomics. However, this multilayered strategy needs to be concerted to find a stable solution for growers.

Phytophthora sojae, the agent responsible for stem and root rot, is one of the most damaging plant pathogens of soybean. To establish a compatible-interaction, P. sojae secretes a wide array of effector proteins into the host cell. These effectors have been shown to act either in the apoplastic area or the cytoplasm of the cell to manipulate the host cellular processes in favor of the development of the pathogen. Deciphering effector-plant interactions is important for understanding the role of P. sojae effectors in disease progression and developing approaches to prevent infection. Here, we review the subcellular localization, the host proteins, and the processes associated with P. sojae effectors. We also discuss the emerging topic of effectors in the context of effector-resistance genes interaction, as well as model systems and recent developments in resources and techniques that may provide a better understanding of the soybean-P. sojae interaction.

Background: Plasmodiophora brassicae is the causal agent of clubroot disease of cru-ciferous plants and one of the biggest threats to the rapeseed (Brassica napus) and brassica vegetable industry worldwide.

Disease symptoms: In the advanced stages of clubroot disease wilting, stunting, yel-lowing, and redness are visible in the shoots. However, the typical symptoms of the disease are the presence of club-shaped galls in the roots of susceptible hosts that block the absorption of water and nutrients.

Host range: Members of the family Brassicaceae are the primary host of the patho-gen, although some members of the family, such as Bunias orientalis, Coronopus squa-matus, and Raphanus sativus, have been identified as being consistently resistant to P. brassicae isolates with variable virulence profile.

Taxonomy: Class: Phytomyxea; Order: Plasmodiophorales; Family: Plasmodiophoraceae; Genus: Plasmodiophora; Species: Plasmodiophora brassicae (Woronin, 1877).

Distribution: Clubroot disease is spread worldwide, with reports from all continents except Antarctica. To date, clubroot disease has been reported in more than 80 countries.

Pathotyping: Based on its virulence on different hosts, P. brassicae is classified into pathotypes or races. Five main pathotyping systems have been developed to under-stand the relationship between P. brassicae and its hosts. Nowadays, the Canadian clubroot differential is extensively used in Canada and has so far identified 36 differ-ent pathotypes based on the response of a set of 13 hosts.

Effectors and resistance: After the identification and characterization of the clubroot pathogen SABATH-type methyltransferase PbBSMT, several other effectors have been characterized. However, no avirulence gene is known, hindering the functional characterization of the five intercellular nucleotide- binding (NB) site leucine- rich- repeat (LRR) receptors (NLRs) clubroot resistance genes validated to date.

Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) are plant specialized metabolites with therapeutic properties exclusively produced by the Amaryllidaceae plant family. The two most studied representatives of the family are galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used as a treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, and lycorine, displaying potent in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic and antiviral properties. Unfortunately, the variable level of AAs’ production in planta restricts most of the pharmaceutical applications. Several biotechnological alternatives, such as in vitro culture or synthetic biology, are being developed to enhance the production and fulfil the increasing demand for these AAs plant-derived drugs. In this review, current biotechnological approaches to produce different types of bioactive AAs are discussed.

Sequence and expression data obtained by next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based forward genetics methods often allow the identification of candidate causal genes. To provide true experimental evidence of a gene’s function, reverse genetics techniques are highly valuable. Site-directed mutagenesis through transfer DNA (T-DNA) delivery is an efficient reverse screen method in plant functional analysis. Precise modification of targeted crop genome sequences is possible through the stable and/or transient delivery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) reagents. Currently, CRISPR/Cas9 is the most powerful reverse genetics approach for fast and precise functional analysis of candidate genes/mutations of interest. Rapid and large-scale analyses of CRISPR/Cas-induced mutagenesis is achievable through Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation. The combination of A. rhizogenes hairy root-CRISPR/Cas provides an extraordinary platform for rapid, precise, easy, and cost-effective “in root” functional analysis of genes of interest in legume plants, including soybean. Both hairy root transformation and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques have their own complexities and considerations. Here, we discuss recent advancements in soybean hairy root transformation and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques. We highlight the critical factors required to enhance mutation induction and hairy root transformation, including the new generation of reporter genes, methods of Agrobacterium infection, accurate gRNA design strategies, Cas9 variants, gene regulatory elements of gRNAs and Cas9 nuclease cassettes and their configuration in the final binary vector to study genes involved in root-related traits in soybean.

Plants are sessile in nature and they perceive and react to environmental stresses such as abiotic and biotic factors. These induce a change in the cellular homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are known to react with cellular components, including DNA, lipids, and proteins, and to interfere with hormone signaling via several post-translational modifications (PTMs). Protein carbonylation (PC) is a non-enzymatic and irreversible PTM induced by ROS. The non-enzymatic feature of the carbonylation reaction has slowed the efforts to identify functions regulated by PC in plants. Yet, in prokaryotic and animal cells, studies have shown the relevance of protein carbonylation as a signal transduction mechanism in physiological processes including hydrogen peroxide sensing, cell proliferation and survival, ferroptosis, and antioxidant response. In this review, we provide a detailed update on the most recent findings pertaining to the role of PC and its implications in various physiological processes in plants. By leveraging the progress made in bacteria and animals, we highlight the main challenges in studying the impacts of carbonylation on protein functions in vivo and the knowledge gap in plants. Inspired by the success stories in animal sciences, we then suggest a few approaches that could be undertaken to overcome these challenges in plant research. Overall, this review describes the state of protein carbonylation research in plants and proposes new research avenues on the link between protein carbonylation and plant redox biology.

Climate change has facilitated the introduction, establishment, and movement of invasive species in northern regions, enabling the colonization of previously unsuitable areas. While the responses of insects to these changes have been increasingly studied, our understanding of how such alterations impact trophic interactions still requires further research to make reliable predictions about the spread of diseases in a warming world. Phytoplasmas, a group of obligate parasitic unculturable Mollicutes, primarily rely on leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) for transmission, spread, and survival. Phytoplasmas are associated with over 600 diseases affecting more than 1,000 plant species, including berries, grapevines, and other small fruits. In North America, diseases such as grapevine yellows, blueberry stunt, and strawberry green petal diseases have been linked to phytoplasma strains transmitted by known leafhopper species. However, the number of phytoplasma diseases has significantly increased in North America over the past decade, suggesting the presence of unidentified vectors or an abundance of leafhopper vectors. This short review provides an overview of the current knowledge on leafhoppers as vectors of phytoplasmas to berries, focusing on the last decade’s research in Canada. This paper also explores the potential implications of climate change on this pathosystem, including the anticipated range expansion of leafhopper species, changes in phytoplasma acquisition and transmission, and the risk of new leafhopper-transmitted plant-pathogen introductions through the arrival of new leafhopper species.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have allowed the discovery of marker–trait associations in crops over recent decades. However, their power is hampered by a number of limitations, with the key one among them being an overreliance on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as molecular markers. Indeed, SNPs represent only one type of genetic variation and are usually derived from alignment to a single genome assembly that may be poorly representative of the population under study. To overcome this, k-mer-based GWAS approaches have recently been developed. k-mer-based GWAS provide a universal way to assess variation due to SNPs, insertions/deletions, and structural variations without having to specifically detect and genotype these variants. In addition, k-mer-based analyses can be used in species that lack a reference genome. However, the use of k-mers for GWAS presents challenges such as data size and complexity, lack of standard tools, and potential detection of false associations. Nevertheless, efforts are being made to overcome these challenges and a general analysis workflow has started to emerge. We identify the priorities for k-mer-based GWAS in years to come, notably in the development of user-friendly programs for their analysis and approaches for linking significant k-mers to sequence variation.

In the 18th century, Carolus Linnaeus created a formalized system of classification of living organisms based on their anatomic relationships, which we know as taxonomic nomenclature. Historically, the genus Cannabis has been described three ways under this system: Cannabis sativa by C. Linnaeus in 1753, Cannabis indica by J.B. Lamarck in 1785, and Cannabis ruderalis by D.E. Janischewsky in 1924, with these taxonomic classifications having been derived from physical, morphological, chemical, and geographical data. Today, this confusing taxonomy has led to an ongoing debate about whether the genus Cannabis consists of a single species or multiple distinct species or subspecies. Recently, genome sequencing and bioinformatics have provided greater resolution of taxonomic assignments at the species level. As a result, some previously discussed classification frameworks have been brought into question. The aim of this review is to provide a historical context for the confusion surrounding the taxonomy of the genus Cannabis and highlight recent research on genomics-based taxonomical approaches to clarify the question of Cannabis taxonomy. We suggest that the latest evidence shifts away from the previous multiple species framework and points towards the genus Cannabis consisting of a highly diverse monotypic species.

Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor., the clubroot pathogen, is the perfect example of an “atypical” plant pathogen. This soil-borne protist and obligate biotrophic parasite infects the roots of cruciferous crops, inducing galls or clubs that lead to wilting, loss of productivity, and plant death. Unlike many other agriculturally relevant pathosystems, research into the molecular mechanisms that underlie clubroot disease and Plasmodiophora-host interactions is limited. After release of the first P. brassicae genome sequence and subsequent availability of transcriptomic data, the clubroot research community have implicated the involvement of phytohormones during the clubroot pathogen’s manipulation of host development. Herein we review the main events leading to the formation of root galls and describe how modulation of select phytohormones may be key to modulating development of the plant host to the benefit of the pathogen. Effector-host interactions are at the base of different strategies employed by pathogens to hijack plant cellular processes. This is how we suspect the clubroot pathogen hijacks host plant metabolism and development to induce nutrient-sink roots galls, emphasizing a need to deepen our understanding of this master manipulator.

RNA viruses are the most common class of pathogens responsible for the emergence of new human diseases, with two to three newly identified viruses annually. The recent 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic (Covid-19) underscores the importance of discovering new and effective antiviral agents. Alkaloids are a class of heterocyclic organic molecules bearing one or more nitrogen atoms and exhibiting a wide variety of structures. Several plant alkaloids are known for their extensive therapeutic properties. The objective of this review is to highlight the antiviral potential of alkaloids from Amaryllidaceae and from other types of plants against several families of RNA viruses, such as Flaviviruses, coronaviruses, Alphaviruses, Alphainfluenzaviruses and also against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Alkaloids act against viruses using several strategies and target both viral and cellular proteins. These molecules are bioactive agents that offer attractive prospects in the search for new antiviral drugs.

Nitrogen (N), a common chemical element in the atmosphere (78% of our atmosphere) yet less common within the Earth’s crust (less than 2%), is a crucial nutrient for life. It is an essential constituent of many cells, such as amino acids, proteins, chlorophyll, and even DNA, and is involved in various processes, such as photosynthesis, energy transfer, growth and reproduction. Up to 90% of the N in surface soils is organic in nature and is contained in soil organic matter (SOM). N cycling is complex, with numerous interacting controlling factors. Scientists around the world have been working for many decades now to understand, model and predict the soil’s capacity to supply N to plants in different ecosystems, whether agricultural, forest, grassland or urban. Plant available nitrogen (PAN) is a pillar of the functioning and productivity of any ecosystem.

The evolutionary fitness of plants to changing environments has been a continuous effort of stimulatory or adaptive responses to stress-induced hormesis; it is somewhat considered transgenerational. Recently, stress-induced hormesis in produce has recently drawn much attention, and various abiotic stressors have been tested successfully. The beneficial effects of hormesis in harvested crops include delayed senescence, disease resistance and enhanced abundance of secondary metabolites. This review attempts to give an overview of the importance of postharvest hormesis, the possible existence of such phenomenon in various stressors, possible underlying mechanisms involved, and finally provide some perspectives for its future application.

Sequencing technologies are evolving at a rapid pace, enabling the generation of massive amounts of data in multiple dimensions (e.g., genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomic, metabolomics, proteomics, and single-cell omics) in plants. To provide comprehensive insights into the complexity of plant biological systems, it is important to integrate diferent omics datasets. Although recent advances in computational analytical pipelines have enabled efcient and high-quality exploration and exploitation of single omics data, the integration of multidimensional, heterogenous, and large datasets (i.e., multi-omics) remains a challenge. In this regard, machine learning (ML) ofers promising approaches to integrate large datasets and to recognize fne-grained patterns and relationships. Nevertheless, they require rigorous optimizations to process multi-omicsderived datasets. In this review, we discuss the main concepts of machine learning as well as the key challenges and solutions related to the big data derived from plant system biology. We also provide in-depth insight into the principles of data integration using ML, as well as challenges and opportunities in diferent contexts including multi-omics, single-cell omics, protein function, and protein–protein interaction.

For a long time, Cannabis sativa has been used for therapeutic and industrial purposes. Due to its increasing demand in medicine, recreation, and industry, there is a dire need to apply new biotechnological tools to introduce new genotypes with desirable traits and enhanced secondary metabolite production. Micropropagation, conservation, cell suspension culture, hairy root culture, polyploidy manipulation, and Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation have been studied and used in cannabis. However, some obstacles such as the low rate of transgenic plant regeneration and low efficiency of secondary metabolite production in hairy root culture and cell suspension culture have restricted the application of these approaches in cannabis. In the current review, in vitro culture and genetic engineering methods in cannabis along with other promising techniques such as morphogenic genes, new computational approaches, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), CRISPR/Cas9-equipped Agrobacterium-mediated genome editing, and hairy root culture, that can help improve gene transformation and plant regeneration, as well as enhance secondary metabolite production, have been highlighted and discussed.