Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Sleep Disturbances in Patients with Autoimmune Encephalitis

  • Sleep (M. Thorpy and M. Billiard, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

To review sleep complaints reported in patients with autoimmune encephalitis, explore the relationship between sleep disturbances and subtypes of autoimmune encephalitis, and leverage knowledge concerning antibody-antigen specificity to inform the receptors, structures, and disseminated neural networks that contribute to sleep function in health and disease.

Recent Findings

Autoimmune encephalitis is an inflammatory brain disorder characterized by the subacute onset of psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment, and focal neurologic deficits or seizures. Sleep disturbances are detected in a majority of patients systematically screened for sleep complaints, may be the presenting symptom in patients with autoimmune encephalitis, and may compromise recovery in patients with autoimmune encephalitis.

Summary

Early recognition of specific sleep disturbances in patients with subacute changes in behavior or cognition may support the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Similarly, recognition and treatment of sleep dysfunction in patients with known autoimmune encephalitis may speed recovery and improve long-term outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as:•• Of major importance

  1. Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, Benseler S, Bien CG, Cellucci T, et al. A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(4):391–404.

  2. Escudero D, Guasp M, Ariño H, Gaig C, Martínez-Hernández E, Dalmau J, et al. Antibody-associated CNS syndromes without signs of inflammation in the elderly. Neurology. 2017;89(14):1471–5.

  3. Blinder T, Lewerenz J. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with autoimmune encephalitis-a systematic analysis. Front Neurol. 2019;10:804.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG, Rossi JE, Peng X, Lai M, et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(12):1091–8.

  5. Finke C, Kopp UA, Prüss H, Dalmau J, Wandinger KP, Ploner CJ. Cognitive deficits following anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(2):195–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Flanagan EP, McKeon A, Lennon VA, Boeve BF, Trenerry MR, Tan KM, et al. Autoimmune dementia: clinical course and predictors of immunotherapy response. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(10):881–97.

  7. McKeon GL, Robinson GA, Ryan AE, Blum S, Gillis D, Finke C, et al. Cognitive outcomes following anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a systematic review. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2018;40(3):234–52.

  8. Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, Armangué T, Glaser C, Iizuka T, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(2):157–65.

  9. Wang W, Li JM, Hu FY, Wang R, Hong Z, He L, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: clinical characteristics, predictors of outcome and the knowledge gap in Southwest China. Eur J Neurol. 2016;23(3):621–9.

  10. Hebert J, et al. Long-term cognitive outcomes in patients with autoimmune encephalitis. Can J Neurol Sci. 2018;45(5):540–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Dubey D, Pittock SJ, Kelly CR, McKeon A, Lopez-Chiriboga AS, Lennon VA, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis epidemiology and a comparison to infectious encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2018;83(1):166–77.

  12. Granerod J, Ambrose HE, Davies NW, Clewley JP, Walsh AL, Morgan D, et al. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(12):835–44.

  13. Liguori R, et al. Morvan’s syndrome: peripheral and central nervous system and cardiac involvement with antibodies to voltage-gated potassium channels. Brain. 2001;124(Pt 12):2417–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Josephs KA, Silber MH, Fealey RD, Nippoldt TB, Auger RG, Vernino S. Neurophysiologic studies in Morvan syndrome. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;21(6):440–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. •• Gaig C, et al. Clinical manifestations of the anti-IgLON5 disease. Neurology. 2017;88(18):1736–43 This study includes detailed analysis of polysomnography in IgLON5 and provides detailed characterization of sleep disruption in this disease.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Honorat JA, Komorowski L, Josephs KA, Fechner K, St Louis EK, Hinson SR, et al. IgLON5 antibody: neurological accompaniments and outcomes in 20 patients. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2017;4(5):e385.

  17. •• Blattner MS, et al. Sleep disturbances are common in patients with autoimmune encephalitis. J Neurol. 2019;266(4):1007–15 This study details clinical sleep complaints and polysomnography findings in AE patients who were systematically screened for sleep disruption.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Ju YS, et al. Slow wave sleep disruption increases cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-beta levels. Brain. 2017;140(8):2104–11. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau6550.

  19. Lucey BP, et al. Reduced non-rapid eye movement sleep is associated with tau pathology in early Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11(474) https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau6550.

  20. Musiek ES, Xiong DD, Holtzman DM. Sleep, circadian rhythms, and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Exp Mol Med. 2015;47:e148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Fyfe I. Parkinson disease. Sleep disorder deficits suggest signature for early Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12(1):3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Louter M, Aarden WCCA, Lion J, Bloem BR, Overeem S. Recognition and diagnosis of sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 2012;259(10):2031–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Kang P, de Bruin GS, Wang LH, Ward BA, Ances BM, Lim MM, et al. Sleep pathology in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(7):1033–9.

  24. Blattner M, de Bruin G. Sleep disorders in human Prionopathies. Curr Sleep Med Rep. 2017;3:215–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Brier MR, Day GS, Snyder AZ, Tanenbaum AB, Ances BM. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis mediates loss of intrinsic activity measured by functional MRI. J Neurol. 2016;263(6):1083–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Finke C, Kopp UA, Pajkert A, Behrens JR, Leypoldt F, Wuerfel JT, et al. Structural hippocampal damage following anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79(9):727–34.

  27. Finke C, Kopp UA, Scheel M, Pech LM, Soemmer C, Schlichting J, et al. Functional and structural brain changes in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2013;74(2):284–96.

  28. Heine J, Prüss H, Kopp UA, Wegner F, Then Bergh F, Münte T, et al. Beyond the limbic system: disruption and functional compensation of large-scale brain networks in patients with anti-LGI1 encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(11):1191–9.

  29. Loane C, Argyropoulos GPD, Roca-Fernández A, Lage C, Sheerin F, Ahmed S, et al. Hippocampal network abnormalities explain amnesia after VGKCC-Ab related autoimmune limbic encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;90(9):965–74.

  30. Peer M, Prüss H, Ben-Dayan I, Paul F, Arzy S, Finke C. Functional connectivity of large-scale brain networks in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(10):768–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Long JM, Day GS. Autoimmune Dementia. Semin Neurol. 2018;38(3):303–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Dalmau J. Encephalitis and antibodies to synaptic and neuronal cell surface proteins. Neurology. 2011;77(2):179–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Lancaster E, Dalmau J. Neuronal autoantigens-pathogenesis, associated disorders and antibody testing. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012;8(7):380–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Bien CG, Vincent A, Barnett MH, Becker AJ, Blumcke I, Graus F, et al. Immunopathology of autoantibody-associated encephalitides: clues for pathogenesis. Brain. 2012;135(Pt 5):1622–38.

  35. Dalmau J, Gultekin SH, Voltz R, Hoard R, DesChamps T, Balmaceda C, et al. Ma1, a novel neuron- and testis-specific protein, is recognized by the serum of patients with paraneoplastic neurological disorders. Brain. 1999;122:27–39.

  36. Graus F, Ribalta T, Campo E, Monforte R, Urbano A, Rozman C. Immunohistochemical analysis of the immune reaction in the nervous system in paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis. Neurology. 1990;40(2):219–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Verschuuren J, Chuang L, Rosenblum MK, Lieberman F, Pryor A, Posner JB, et al. Inflammatory infiltrates and complete absence of Purkinje cells in anti-Yo-associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Acta Neuropathol. 1996;91(5):519–25.

  38. Horta ES, Lennon VA, Lachance DH, Jenkins SM, Smith CY, McKeon A, et al. Neural autoantibody clusters aid diagnosis of cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(14):3862–9.

  39. Irani SR, Alexander S, Waters P, Kleopa KA, Pettingill P, Zuliani L, et al. Antibodies to Kv1 potassium channel-complex proteins leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 protein and contactin-associated protein-2 in limbic encephalitis, Morvan’s syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia. Brain. 2010;133(9):2734–48.

  40. Tan KM, Lennon VA, Klein CJ, Boeve BF, Pittock SJ. Clinical spectrum of voltage-gated potassium channel autoimmunity. Neurology. 2008;70(20):1883–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Cornellius J, Pittock S, McKeon A. Sleep manifestations of voltage-gated potassium channel complex autoimmunity. Arch Neurol. 2011;68:733–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. van Sonderen A, Ariño H, Petit-Pedrol M, Leypoldt F, Körtvélyessy P, Wandinger KP, et al. The clinical spectrum of Caspr2 antibody-associated disease. Neurology. 2016;87(5):521–8.

  43. Irani SR, Pettingill P, Kleopa KA, Schiza N, Waters P, Mazia C, et al. Morvan syndrome: clinical and serological observations in 29 cases. Ann Neurol. 2012;72(2):241–55.

  44. Barber PA, Anderson NE, Vincent A. Morvan’s syndrome associated with voltage-gated K+ channel antibodies. Neurology. 2000;54(3):771–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Lee EK, Maselli RA, Ellis WG, Agius MA. Morvan’s fibrillary chorea: a paraneoplastic manifestation of thymoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65(6):857–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(1):63–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Morales-Briceno H, Fung VSC. Isolated nocturnal occurrence of orofacial dyskinesias in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis-a new diagnostic clue. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2017;4(6):884–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Dalmau J, Tüzün E, Wu HY, Masjuan J, Rossi JE, Voloschin A, et al. Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma. Ann Neurol. 2007;61(1):25–36.

  49. Vitaliani R, Mason W, Ances B, Zwerdling T, Jiang Z, Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic encephalitis, psychiatric symptoms, and hypoventilation in ovarian teratoma. Ann Neurol. 2005;58(4):594–604.

  50. Lai M, Hughes EG, Peng X, Zhou L, Gleichman AJ, Shu H, et al. AMPA receptor antibodies in limbic encephalitis alter synaptic receptor location. Ann Neurol. 2009;65(4):424–34.

  51. Hoftberger R, van Sonderen A, Leypoldt F, Houghton D, Geschwind M, Gelfand J, et al. Encephalitis and AMPA receptor antibodies: novel findings in a case series of 22 patients. Neurology. 2015;84(24):2403–12.

  52. Jia Y, et al. Limbic encephalitis associated with AMPA receptor and CRMP5 antibodies: a case report and literature review. Brain Behav. 2020;10(3):e01528.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Guan HZ, Ren HT, Yang XZ, Lu Q, Peng B, Zhu YC, et al. Limbic encephalitis associated with anti-gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor antibodies: a case series from China. Chin Med J. 2015;128(22):3023–8.

  54. Sabater L, Gaig C, Gelpi E, Bataller L, Lewerenz J, Torres-Vega E, et al. A novel non-rapid-eye movement and rapid-eye-movement parasomnia with sleep breathing disorder associated with antibodies to IgLON5: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and post-mortem study. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(6):575–86.

  55. Dalmau J, et al. Clinical analysis of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 8):1831–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Hoffmann LA, Jarius S, Pellkofer HL, Schueller M, Krumbholz M, Koenig F, et al. Anti-Ma and anti-ta associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: 22 newly diagnosed patients and review of previous cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(7):767–73.

  57. Landolfi JC, Nadkarni M. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis and possible narcolepsy in a patient with testicular cancer: case study. Neuro-Oncology. 2003;5(3):214–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Compta Y, Iranzo A, Santamaría J, Casamitjana R, Graus F. REM sleep behavior disorder and narcolpetic features in anti-Ma2 encephalitis. Sleep. 2007;30:767–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. •• Dauvilliers Y, et al. Hypothalamic immunopathology in anti-Ma-associated diencephalitis with narcolepsy-cataplexy. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70(10):1305–10 This case supports a CD8+ inflammatory-mediated targeting of hypocretin neurons as the mechanism that underlies narcolepsy and cataplexy associated with ma autoantibodies.

  60. Adams C, McKeon A, Silber MH, Kumar R. Narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorder, and supranuclear gaze palsy associated with Ma1 and Ma2 antibodies and tonsillar carcinoma. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(4):521–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Kritikou I, Vgontzas AN, Rapp MA, Bixler EO. Anti-Ma1- and anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis manifesting with rapid eye movement sleep disorder and narcolepsy with cataplexy: a case report. Biol Psychiatry. 2018;83(5):e39–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Vitiello M, Antelmi E, Pizza F, Postiglione E, Poggi R, Liguori R, et al. Type 1 narcolepsy in anti-Hu antibodies mediated encephalitis: a case report. Sleep Med. 2018;52:23–5.

  63. Barone DA, Krieger AC. Sleep disturbances in voltage-gated potassium channel antibody syndrome. Sleep Med. 2016;21:171–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Iranzo A. RBD associated with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes and autoimmune disorders. In: Schenck C, Högl B, Videnovic A, editors. Rapid-Eye-Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder; 2019. p. 93–106.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  65. Sun H, et al. Study of sleep disorders in patients with limbic encephalitis associated with anti leucine rich glioma inactivated protein 1 antibody. Chin J Neurol. 2018;51(8):565–9.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Iranzo A, Graus F, Clover L, Morera J, Bruna J, Vilar C, et al. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and potassium channel antibody-associated limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(1):178–81.

  67. Serdaroğlu E, Tezer F, Saygi S. Autoimmune epilepsy and/or limbic encephalitis can lead to changes in sleep spindles. Arch Neuropsychiatry. 2018;55(4):320–4.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Lugaresi E, Provini F. Agrypnia excitata: clinical features and pathophysiological implications. Sleep Med Rev. 2001;5(4):313–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Al-Diwani A, et al. The psychopathology of NMDAR-antibody encephalitis in adults: a systematic review and phenotypic analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(3):235–46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Marques IB, Teotónio R, Cunha C, Bento C, Sales F. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis presenting with total insomnia--a case report. J Neurol Sci. 2014;336(1–2):276–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Iizuka T, Sakai F, Ide T, Monzen T, Yoshii S, Iigaya M, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in Japan: long-term outcome without tumor removal. Neurology. 2008;70(7):504–11.

  72. Uchino A, Iizuka T, Urano Y, Arai M, Hara A, Hamada J, et al. Pseudo-piano playing motions and nocturnal hypoventilation in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: response to prompt tumor removal and immunotherapy. Intern Med. 2011;50(6):627–30.

  73. Freund B, Ritzl EK. A review of EEG in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol. 2019;332:64–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Steriade C, Hantus S, Moosa ANV, Rae-Grant AD. Extreme delta - with or without brushes: a potential surrogate marker of disease activity in anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis. Clin Neurophysiol. 2018;129(10):2197–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Schmitt SE, Pargeon K, Frechette ES, Hirsch LJ, Dalmau J, Friedman D. Extreme delta brush: a unique EEG pattern in adults with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Neurology. 2012;79(11):1094–100.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Jeannin-Mayer S, André-Obadia N, Rosenberg S, Boutet C, Honnorat J, Antoine JC, et al. EEG analysis in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: description of typical patterns. Clin Neurophysiol. 2019;130(2):289–96.

  77. Laurido-Soto O, Brier MR, Simon LE, McCullough A, Bucelli RC, Day GS. Patient characteristics and outcome associations in AMPA receptor encephalitis. J Neurol. 2019;266(2):450–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Gaig C, Iranzo A, Cajochen C, Vilaseca I, Embid C, Dalmau J, et al. Characterization of the sleep disorder of anti-IgLON5 disease. Sleep. 2019;42 https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz133.

  79. Kim AE, Kang P, Bucelli RC, Ferguson CJ, Schmidt RE, Varadhachary AS, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis with multiple autoantibodies: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Neurologist. 2018;23(2):55–9.

  80. Morin CM, Belleville G, Bélanger L, Ivers H. The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep. 2011;34(5):601–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF III, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193–213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Stiasny-Kolster K, Mayer G, Schäfer S, Möller JC, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Oertel WH. The REM sleep behavior disorder screening questionnaire--a new diagnostic instrument. Mov Disord. 2007;22(16):2386–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Dauvilliers Y, Beziat S, Pesenti C, Lopez R, Barateau L, Carlander B, et al. Measurement of narcolepsy symptoms: the narcolepsy severity scale. Neurology. 2017;88(14):1358–65.

  84. Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep. 1991;14(6):540–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Chung F, Abdullah HR, Liao P. STOP-Bang questionnaire: a practical approach to screen for obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 2016;149(3):631–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Riemann D, Nissen C, Palagini L, Otte A, Perlis ML, Spiegelhalder K. The neurobiology, investigation, and treatment of chronic insomnia. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(5):547–58.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Saper CB, Fuller PM, Pedersen NP, Lu J, Scammell TE. Sleep state switching. Neuron. 2010;68(6):1023–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Quellet M, Savard J, Morin C. Insomnia following traumatic brain injury: a review. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2004;18:187–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Koenigs M, Holliday J, Solomon J, Grafman J. Left dorsomedial frontal brain damage is associated with insomnia. J Neurosci. 2010;30(47):16041–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Kay-Stacey M, Attarian H. Advances in the management of chronic insomnia. BMJ. 2016;354(6):i2123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Mahoney CE, Cogswell A, Koralnik IJ, Scammell TE. The neurobiological basis of narcolepsy. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019;20(2):83–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Peyron C, Tighe DK, van den Pol AN, de Lecea L, Heller HC, Sutcliffe JG, et al. Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems. J Neurosci. 1998;18(23):9996–10015.

  93. Sakai N, Matsumura M, Lin L, Mignot E, Nishino S. HPLC analysis of CSF hypocretin-1 in type 1 and 2 narcolepsy. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):477.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Overeem S, Dalmau J, Bataller L, Nishino S, Mignot E, Verschuuren J, et al. Anti-Ma2 antibodies in idiopathic and paraneoplastic hypocretin-deficient narcolepsy. Neurology. 2004;62:138–40.

  95. Barateau L, Lopez R, Dauvilliers Y. Management of Narcolepsy. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2016;18(10):43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Saper CB, Ferman TJ, Dickson DW, Parisi JE, et al. Pathophysiology of REM sleep behaviour disorder and relevance to neurodegenerative disease. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 11):2770–88.

  97. Brooks PL, Peever JH. Identification of the transmitter and receptor mechanisms responsible for REM sleep paralysis. J Neurosci. 2012;32(29):9785–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Lu J, Sherman D, Devor M, Saper CB. A putative flip-flop switch for control of REM sleep. Nature. 2006;441(7093):589–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Zhang X, Sun X, Wang J, Tang L, Xie A. Prevalence of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in Parkinson’s disease: a meta and meta-regression analysis. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(1):163–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, Halliday G, Taylor JP, Weintraub D, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2017;89(1):88–100.

  101. Boeve BF, Silber MH, Ferman TJ, Lin SC, Benarroch EE, Schmeichel AM, et al. Clinicopathologic correlations in 172 cases of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder with or without a coexisting neurologic disorder. Sleep Med. 2013;14(8):754–62.

  102. Postuma RB, Berg D. Advances in markers of prodromal Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12(11):622–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Hogl B, Stefani A, Videnovic A. Idiopathic REM sleep behaviour disorder and neurodegeneration - an update. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14(1):40–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Limousin N, Dehais C, Gout O, Héran F, Oudiette D, Arnulf I. A brainstem inflammatory lesion causing REM sleep behavior disorder and sleepwalking (parasomnia overlap disorder). Sleep Med. 2009;10(9):1059–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. McCarter SJ, Tippmann-Peikert M, Sandness DJ, Flanagan EP, Kantarci K, Boeve BF, et al. Neuroimaging-evident lesional pathology associated with REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med. 2015;16(12):1502–10.

  106. Knudsen S, Gammeltoft S, Jennum PJ. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in patients with narcolepsy is associated with hypocretin-1 deficiency. Brain. 2010;133:568–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Peever J, Luppi PH, Montplaisir J. Breakdown in REM sleep circuitry underlies REM sleep behavior disorder. Trends Neurosci. 2014;37(5):279–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. St Louis EK, Boeve BF. REM sleep behavior disorder: diagnosis, clinical implications, and future directions. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(11):1723–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Bassetti CL, Bargiotas P. REM sleep behavior disorder. Front Neurol Neurosci. 2018;41:104–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Jacobson A, Kales A, Lehmann D, Zweizig JR. Somnambulism: all-night electroencephalographic studies. Science. 1965;148(3672):975–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Castelnovo A, Lopez R, Proserpio P, Nobili L, Dauvilliers Y. NREM sleep parasomnias as disorders of sleep-state dissociation. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14(8):470–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Cape EG, Jones BE. Differential modulation of high-frequency gamma-electroencephalogram activity and sleep-wake state by noradrenaline and serotonin microinjections into the region of cholinergic basalis neurons. J Neurosci. 1998;18(7):2653–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Charney DS, Kales A, Soldatos CR, Nelson JC. Somnambulistic-like episodes secondary to combined lithium-neuroleptic treatment. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;135:418–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Faridhosseini F, Zamani A. A case report of somnambulism associated with olanzapine. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2012;6(1):72–4.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  115. Kawashima T, Yamada S. Paroxetine-induced somnambulism. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(4):483.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Kolivakis TT, et al. Olanzapine-induced somnambulism. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(7):1158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Boscolo-Berto R, Viel G, Montagnese S, Raduazzo DI, Ferrara SD, Dauvilliers Y. Narcolepsy and effectiveness of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sleep Med Rev. 2012;16(5):431–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Lopez R, et al. French consensus. Management of patients with hypersomnia: which strategy? Rev Neurol. 2017;173:8–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Hoftberger R, Titulaer MJ, Sabater L, Dome B, Rozsas A, Hegedus B, et al. Encephalitis and GABAB receptor antibodies: novel findings in a new case series of 20 patients. Neurology. 2013;81(17):1500–6.

  120. Drakatos P, Marples L, Muza R, Higgins S, Gildeh N, Macavei R, et al. NREM parasomnias: a treatment approach based upon a retrospective case series of 512 patients. Sleep Med. 2019;53:181–8.

  121. Provini F, Lombardi C, Lugaresi E. Insomnia in neurological diseases. Semin Neurol. 2005;25(1):81–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Plazzi G, Montagna P, Meletti S, Lugaresi E. Polysomnographic study of sleeplessness and oneiricisms in the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Sleep Med. 2002;3(3):279–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Kapur VK, Auckley DH, Chowdhuri S, Kuhlmann DC, Mehra R, Ramar K, et al. Clinical practice guideline for diagnostic testing for adult obstructive sleep apnea: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(3):479–504.

  124. Donovan L, Kapur V. Prevalence and characteristics of central compared to obstructive sleep apnea: analyses from the sleep heart health study cohort. Sleep. 2016;39(7):1353–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  125. Johnson KG, Johnson DC. Frequency of sleep apnea in stroke and TIA patients: a meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6(2):131–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. Bradley TD, et al. Clinical and physiologic heterogeneity of the central sleep apnea syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;134(2):217–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Xie A, Wong B, Phillipson EA, Slutsky AS, Bradley TD. Interaction of hyperventilation and arousal in the pathogenesis of idiopathic central sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150(2):489–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA. Ketamine and MK-801 decrease acetylcholine release in the pontine reticular formation, slow breathing, and disrupt sleep. Sleep. 2002;25(6):617–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Serrano Merino J, Pérula de Torres LÁ, Bardwell WA, Muñoz Gómez R, Roldán Villalobos A, Feu Collado N, et al. Impact of positive pressure treatment of the airway on health-related quality of life in elderly patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Biol Res Nurs. 2018;20(4):452–61.

  130. Walia H, et al. Impact of sleep-disordered breathing treatment on quality of life measures in a large clinic-based cohort. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(11):1255–63.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  131. Wang X, Zhang Y, Dong Z, Fan J, Nie S, Wei Y. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease and obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Res. 2018;19(1):61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Chen L, Kuang J, Pei JH, Chen HM, Chen Z, Li ZW, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure and diabetes risk in sleep apnea patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Intern Med. 2017;39:39–50.

  133. Epstein LJ, Kristo D, Strollo PJ Jr, Friedman N, Malhotra A, Patil SP, et al. Clinical guideline for the evaluation, management and long-term care of obstructive sleep apnea in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5(3):263–76.

  134. Tezer FI, et al. Daytime polysomnography recording in LIG1-related limbic encephalitis. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(1):145–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Czeisler CA, et al. Human sleep: its duration and organization depend on its circadian phase. Science. 1980;210(4475):1264–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Abbott SM, Reid KJ, Zee PC. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2015;38(4):805–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Dr. GS Day is supported by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging (K23AG064029).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Margaret S. Blattner

  2. Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, USA

    Gregory S. Day

Authors
  1. Margaret S. Blattner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gregory S. Day
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gregory S. Day.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Dr. GS Day serves as a topic editor on dementia for DynaMed Plus (EBSCO Industries, Inc.), is the clinical director for the Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Foundation (uncompensated), and holds stocks (> $10,000) in ANI Pharmaceuticals (a generic pharmaceutical company). Dr. MS Blattner reports no conflicts.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Sleep

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Blattner, M.S., Day, G.S. Sleep Disturbances in Patients with Autoimmune Encephalitis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 20, 28 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-020-01048-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-020-01048-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation