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HLA association in MOG-IgG– and AQP4-IgG–related disorders of the CNS in the Dutch population | Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation

HLA association in MOG-IgG– and AQP4-IgG–related disorders of the CNS in the Dutch population | Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From nn.neurology.org - April 5, 2020 2:34 PM
Abstract Objective To investigate the possible human leukocyte antigen (HLA) association of both myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG)-associated diseases (MOGAD) and aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-IgG)-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) in the Dutch population with European ancestry to clarify similarities or differences in the immunogenetic background of both diseases. Methods Blood samples from patients in the Dutch national MS/NMOSD expert clinic were tested for MOG-IgG and AQP4-IgG using a cell-based assay. HLA Class I and II genotyping was performed in 43 MOG-IgG–seropositive and 42 AQP4-IgG–seropositive Dutch patients with European ancestry and compared with those of 5,604 Dutch healthy blood donors. Results No significant HLA association was found in MOG-IgG–seropositive patients. The AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients had a significant higher frequency of HLA-A*01 (61.9% vs 33.7%, OR 3.16, 95% CI, 1.707–5.863, p after correction [pc] = 0.0045), HLA-B*08 (61.9% vs 25.6%, OR 4.66, 95% CI, 2.513–8.643, pc < 0.0001), and HLA-DRB1*03 (51.2% vs 27.6%, OR 2.75, 95% CI, 1.495–5.042, pc = 0.0199) compared with controls. Conclusions The present study demonstrates differences in the immunogenetic background of MOGAD and AQP4-IgG–positive NMOSD. The strong positive association with HLA-A*01, -B*08, and -DRB1*03 is suggestive of a role of this haplotype in the etiology of AQP4-IgG–positive NMOSD in patients with European ancestry, whereas in MOGAD no evidence was found for any HLA association in these disorders. Glossary ADEM=acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; AQP4=aquaporin-4; CBA=cell-based assay; HLA=human leukocyte antigen; LETM=longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis; MOG=myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; MOGAD=myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein–associated disease; NMDAR=NMDA receptor; NMOSD=neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; ON=optic neuritis; pc=p after correction; SSO=sequence-specific oligonucleotide; TM=transverse myelitis Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG-IgG) are related to a spectrum of demyelinating syndromes of the CNS, both in adult and pediatric patients. These are currently known as MOG-IgG–associated diseases (MOGADs) and predominantly include acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), optic neuritis (ON), and/or transverse myelitis (TM).1,–,4 A subset of these patients seropositive for MOG-IgG fulfill the criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD),5 whereas the majority of NMOSDs are associated with aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-IgG).6,–,9 This partial clinical overlap between patients seropositive for MOG-IgG and AQP4-IgG is interesting because the underlying disease mechanism is thought to be different, with autoantibodies targeting oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, respectively.10,–,12 The existence of these IgG autoantibodies, however, is indicative for a key role for B and CD4+ T cells in the disease process of both disorders and, consequently, for a potential role for human leukocyte antigen (HLA). Possible HLA associations could further elucidate similarity or difference between MOG-IgG– and AQP4-IgG–related disorders based on their immunogenetic background. Previous studies have described different HLA associations in NMOSD including subgroups of AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients. Of interest, so far, a possible HLA association has never been studied in MOGAD. Furthermore, HLA associations vary between ethnic backgrounds, and the Dutch AQP4-IgG-seropositive patients with European ancestry have never been studied before. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible HLA association of both MOGAD and AQP4-IgG–positive NMOSD in the Dutch population with European ancestry to clarify the contribution of HLA to the pathophysiology in both of these diseases. Methods Study participants and definitions This study was conducted at the Dutch national center for acquired demyelinating syndromes, which includes the NMOSD expert clinic (Erasmus MC) and Pediatric MS center (Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital) in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and Sanquin Diagnostic Services in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Serum samples from all patients who either presented primarily at our hospitals or were referred by other (non)academic hospitals were sent in for routine MOG-IgG and AQP4-IgG diagnostics as part of standard clinical care. Patients from all ages were included if they were (1) seropositive for either MOG-IgG or AQP4-IgG and (2) of European descent. Included patients presented with a demyelinating event within the acquired demyelinating syndromes spectrum, i.e., ON and/or (longitudinally extensive) transverse myelitis ([LE]TM), area postrema syndrome, or ADEM. Diagnosis at last follow-up was determined as NMOSD if fulfilling the Wingerchuk 2015 diagnostic criteria.5 Patients who had 1 or more ON following initial presentation with ADEM were diagnosed with ADEM-ON.13 Patients with a possible diagnosis of MS (clinically and radiologically) were excluded. HLA allele frequencies of MOG-IgG– and AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients were compared with the HLA allele frequencies of 5,604 healthy Dutch blood donors from the Leiden area in the Netherlands. Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents The Medical Ethical Committee of Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam approved this study. All patients signed informed consent to store their blood samples and clinical characteristics in our Biobank. Cell culture and cell-based assays All serum samples were tested blindly, centrally, and in duplicate at Sanquin Diagnostics with the cell-based assay (CBA) as previously described.1,8 Briefly, patient serum was incubated with HEK293 cells transiently transfected with AQP4-M23 (final serum dilution 1:20) or LN18 cells stably transfected with full-length MOG (final serum dilution 1:200). After washing, cells were incubated with goat anti-human IgG allophycocyanin-conjugated secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Brunschwig Chemie B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands [specific for human IgG]) and analyzed using fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The cutoff was determined in every assay as average Delta MFI +10 SDs of 8 individual sera of negative controls. Our assay comprises an anti–IgG-specific detection antibody, and thus, no IgM anti-MOG or IgM anti-AQP4 is detected. HLA analysis HLA Class I and II genotyping was performed at the National Reference Center for Histocompatibility Testing at the Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands. DNA for HLA analysis was isolated from peripheral blood samples. HLA Class I typing (HLA-A*, -B*, -Cw*) was performed by the reverse sequence–specific oligonucleotide (SSO) method on a suspension array platform using microspheres as a solid support to immobilize oligonucleotide probes (Luminex bead technology; Immucor Transplant Diagnostics, Stamford, CT). HLA Class II (HLA-DRB1*, DQB1*, DRB3*/4*/5*) was genotyped using the PCR SSO probe technique,14 which results in medium-low resolution subtyping. Statistical analysis For patient characteristic group comparisons, the χ2 or Fisher exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used when appropriate. HLA allele frequencies were analyzed using the Fisher exact probability test. p Values were corrected with Sidak method for multiple testing. A corrected p value (pc) below 0.05 was considered significant. ORs were calculated using the Woolf method with Haldane modifications (Woolf-Haldane). Data availability The raw data used in this article are available at the Erasmus University Medical Center and could be shared by request from a qualified investigator, maintaining anonymization of the individual patients. Results In total, 85 Dutch patients with European ancestry were analyzed, including 43 MOG-IgG– and 42 AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients. Patient characteristics are shown in table 1. View inline View popup Table 1 Patient characteristics of MOG-IgG– and AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients Patient characteristics of MOG-IgG–seropositive patients MOG-IgG–seropositive patients were predominantly male (63%), and almost half of the MOG-IgG–seropositive patients (49%) had their onset of disease during childhood (<18 years) (table 1). Table 1 also gives a separate overview of included children and adults. Except for age at onset of disease, patient characteristics were not significantly different between children and adults. As described above, the clinical phenotype of MOGAD consists of a spectrum of demyelinating disorders. In total, 12 MOG-IgG–seropositive patients (28%) presented with ON, of which 42% were bilateral, and 10 (23%) with TM, of which 60% showed an longitudinally extensive lesion on MRI. In addition, of the 7 patients (16%) presenting with a combination of ON and TM, 71% had a bilateral ON, and 67% an LETM on MRI. Figure 1 shows an overview of diagnosis at last follow-up of the included MOG-IgG–seropositive patients, separated for children and adults. Within a median follow-up of 55 months (range: 1–463 months), in total, 28% of MOG-IgG–seropositive patients (including 4 children and 8 adults) were finally diagnosed with a combination of ON and MT. Of these, only 6 patients fulfilled the Wingerchuk 2015 criteria for NMOSD diagnosis (50%). Only pediatric patients were diagnosed with ADEM (62% of children vs 0% of adults, p < 0.001). Adults were more often diagnosed with a TM compared with pediatric patients (5% of children vs 32% of adults, p = 0.046). Figure 1 Diagnosis at last follow-up of included MOG-IgG–seropositive children and adults *6/12 patients fulfilling Wingerchuk 2015 diagnostic criteria for NMOSD. **Relapsing ADEM group only consists of patients with ADEM-ON (ADEM followed by (recurrent) optic neuritis). ***Including 1 adult with a relapsing encephalitis (double syndrome MOG-IgG/NMDA-R) and 1 child with a progressive ‘leukodystrophy-like’ disease. ADEM = acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; MOG-IgG = myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody; MOGAD = MOG-IgG-associated disease; ON = optic neuritis; TM = transverse myelitis. Furthermore, among the MOG-IgG–seropositive patients, 1 patient was diagnosed with a progressive leukodystrophy-like disorder with a severe regression of cognitive functions (figure 1). This patient deceased 6 years after the start of first symptoms. Another MOG-IgG–seropositive patient presented with a recurrent encephalitis. In this patient, NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antibodies were found additionally to the positive MOG-IgG. This patient was diagnosed with a double syndrome (figure 1) because besides typical anti-NMDAR encephalitis features, this patients also had clinical and radiologic findings compatible with a demyelinating disorder, including diplopia, visual impairment, urge incontinence, and demyelinating lesions on MRI. Finally, 1 MOG-IgG–seropositive patient diagnosed with monophasic ADEM also had transient AQP4-IgG; he twice had a weak positive CBA test result for AQP4-IgG, i.e., during onset of disease and in the first follow-up sample 5 years later. In the following sample, 1 year later, he became AQP4-IgG seronegative. Because the MOG-IgG remained detectable and because of his clinical phenotype, which was more compatible with MOGAD than AQP4-IgG–seropositive NMOSD, this patient was only included in the MOG-IgG–seropositive patient group. Patient characteristics AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients The majority of AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients were female (86%), and 67% of patients had a relapsing disease course (table 1). Within a median follow-up of 65 months (range: 6–312 months), all AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients were diagnosed with NMOSD (all fulfilling the Wingerchuk 2015 diagnostic criteria). HLA association in MOG-IgG–seropositive patients In MOG-IgG–seropositive patients, a lower proportion of HLA-A*68 (0.0% vs 9.2%, OR 0.11, 95% CI, 0.007–1.838, p = 0.0299) and a higher proportion of HLA-B*08 (41.9% vs 25.6%, OR 2.11, 95% CI, 1.154–3.842, p = 0.0217) were observed compared with controls. However, these results did not remain significant after statistical correction for multiple testing (table 2). No significant HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, and -DQ associations were found in MOG-IgG–seropositive patients (table e-1, links.lww.com/NXI/A214). View inline View popup Table 2 HLA allele frequencies in MOG-IgG–seropositive patients and controlsa Because of the heterogeneity in the MOG-IgG–seropositive patient group, different subanalyses were performed. A subanalysis with exclusion of MOG-IgG–seropositive patients with above described rare MOGAD presentations (n = 3; progressive leukodystrophy-like disorder, double syndrome with NMDAR encephalitis, and ADEM with coexisting transient weak positive AQP4-IgG) showed comparable results, with, in addition, an increased frequency of HLA-DRB1*15 (40.0% vs 24.2%, OR 2.11, 95% CI, 1.127–3.949, p = 0.0260). However, this association did not remain significant after statistical correction for multiple testing. A subanalysis on age group, comparing MOG-IgG–seropositive children (n = 21) with MOG-IgG–seropositive adults (n = 22), showed no significant differences nor tendencies. Further subanalyses in MOG-IgG–seropositive patients on disease onset phenotype (opticospinal, n = 28 vs non-opticospinal, n = 15), disease course (monophasic, n = 27 vs multiphasic, n = 16), and final diagnosis (ADEM, n = 13 vs non-ADEM, n = 30) showed no significant differences nor tendencies for the HLA-A*01, -B*08, -DRB1*03 haplotype, which is the most relevant haplotype in the European population (see below). HLA association in AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients Table 3 shows significant HLA associations in the AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients compared with controls. After correction for multiple testing, a strong positive association for HLA-A*01 (61.9% vs 33.7%, OR 3.16, 95% CI, 1.707–5.863, pc = 0.0045), HLA-B*08 (61.9% vs 25.6%, OR 4.66, 95% CI, 2.513–8.643, pc < 0.0001), and HLA-DRB1*03 (51.2% vs 27.6%, OR 2.75, 95% CI, 1.495–5.042, pc = 0.0199) remained significant (figure 2), suggestive of a role of this conserved HLA-A*01, -B*08, -DRB1*03 haplotype. In 16/42 (38%) of patients, this haplotype was present. All HLA allelic frequencies of AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients are displayed in table e-2 (links.lww.com/NXI/A214). View inline View popup Table 3 HLA allele frequencies in AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients and controlsa Figure 2 Forest plot of significant HLA associations in AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients* *After correction for multiple testing (Sidak method). Discussion We found clear differences in HLA Class I and II alleles in Dutch MOG-IgG– and AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients with European ancestry. In AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients, we found a strong positive association with HLA-A*01, -B*08, and -DRB1*03. In contrast, we did not find any evidence for a particular HLA association in MOG-IgG–seropositive patients. These findings are relevant for a further distinction between MOGAD from AQP4-IgG–positive NMOSD. Where MOG-IgG was first found to represent a subset of patients with AQP4-IgG–negative NMOSD, nowadays MOG-IgG is consistently identified in a broad spectrum of acquired demyelinating syndromes, which extend beyond the NMOSD phenotype.1,–,4,12 Previous studies have identified some clinical and imaging features that can distinguish MOGAD from AQP4-IgG–positive NMOSD; however, in several patients, the clinical and radiologic phenotype still overlaps.12,15,–,18 Nevertheless, the immunopathogenic differences in these diseases, i.e., an astrocytopathy in AQP4-IgG–positive NMOSD and an oligodendrocytopathy in MOGAD, suggest 2 distinctive autoimmune disorders.12 The present findings further support these differences on the basis of the immunogenetic features and therefore once again emphasize the probable pathophysiologic difference between MOG-IgG– and AQP4-IgG–related diseases. Although HLA associations in AQP4-IgG–mediated NMOSD have previously been studied in a few ethnic populations worldwide, this study was the first investigating the Dutch population with European ancestry. Our finding of HLA-DRB1*03 as risk allele in AQP4-IgG–mediated disorders confirms and extends the results previously obtained in patients with NMOSD from different non-Asian populations.19,–,24 Also, the recent large genome-wide association study from Estrada et al.25 found HLA-DRB1*03:01 as the most significant HLA allele in patients with NMOSD from Texas compared with controls of European ancestry, which was driven by the presence of AQP4-IgG. HLA-DRB1*03 has not been found as risk allele in 2 studies with European26 and Arabic27 patients with NMOSD. However, these 2 studies had smaller proportions of AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients among their included patients with NMOSD (respectively, 61% and 49%, compared with 73–100% in the other mentioned cohorts), what could explain the absence of a significant association with HLA-DRB1*03. An association with HLA-DPB1*0501 has previously been described only in Asian patients with AQP4-IgG–positive NMOSD28,–,30 and was not found in our Dutch patients with European ancestry. In addition, we found a strong correlation with HLA-A*01 (OR 3.16) and HLA-B*08 (OR 4.66): 2 HLA Class I genes. These associations have never been described in the previous literature, possibly as most previous studies only focused on the HLA Class II alleles. AQP4-IgG has been established as pathogenic autoantigen, directly targeting the AQP4 water channel on the foot of the astrocytes and causing complement-mediated necrosis, secondary demyelination, inflammation, and subsequently neuronal death.9,10,31 Therefore, the expectation of HLA Class II associations in this presumed primary B cell–mediated disorder is imaginable. However, also HLA Class I genes can play a key or additional role in initiating or maintaining autoimmune responses, primarily by triggering a CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell response.32 Our found associations with HLA Class I alleles could indicate involvement of such T-cell responses in the pathogenesis of AQP4-IgG–mediated NMOSD. Nonetheless, HLA-A*01 and HLA-B*08 are also known to form an ancestral European haplotype together with (among others) HLA-DRB1*03 due to linkage.33 Whether there is an independent contribution of HLA-A*01 and HLA-B*08 in AQP4-IgG–mediated NMOSD or whether these HLA Class I associations are only a result of linkage with DRB1*03 remains to be established. Of interest, this ancestral European haplotype including HLA-DRB1*03 has also been linked to several other autoimmune diseases, such as SLE, Sjögren syndrome, myasthenia gravis, Graves disease, and celiac disease.32,33 This is in accordance with the clinical observation in AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients that around 25% of these patients have coexisting autoimmune disorders as listed above.34,–,38 In our AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients 19% also had an accompanying autoimmune disease. To our best knowledge, this was the first study worldwide investigating HLA associations in MOGAD. Of interest, we found no evidence for particular HLA associations in our MOG-IgG–seropositive patients. This finding is striking because one could expect a contribution of HLA in the pathophysiology of MOGAD due to the presence of the autoantibodies. However, in contrast to AQP4-IgG, the pathogenicity of MOG-IgG has not fully been elucidated.15,39 MOG-IgG targets the CNS-specific MOG protein, which is expressed on the outer surface of the myelin sheaths and plasma membrane of oligodendrocytes.4,40,41 Although the MOG protein only represents a minor component of myelin (0.05%),41 its location makes it highly immunogenic4 and is an imaginable target for autoantibodies in a demyelinating disease. However, although in vitro studies have demonstrated that human MOG-IgG activates complement and cellular-dependent cytotoxicity, in vivo rodent models could not confirm the human MOG-IgG to cause demyelination in these animals.15,42,–,45 Nevertheless, there are various possible explanations for the human MOG-IgG not being pathogenic in rodents, most importantly because human MOG-IgG simply does not recognize the rodent MOG protein.39 Additionally to these immunologic studies, histopathologic findings from MOG-IgG–seropositive patients show activated complement at sites of ongoing demyelinating.39,46,47 This again supports a humoral immune pathogenesis and a potential pathogenic activity of human MOG-IgG. Importantly, our negative result for HLA associations in MOGAD does not directly reject the assumption that these disorders are primary B cell-mediated due to the potential T cell-independent B cell activation by antibody-inducing signals from, for example, dendritic cells, macrophages, and granulocytes.48 An alternative explanation may be that many different HLA Class II/peptide complexes are able to trigger CD4+ T cells to provide help to the B cells resulting in IgG antibodies in all patients irrespective of their HLA-DR type. One could hypothesize that the distinctive clinical phenotypes within the MOGAD could have a different underlying pathogenesis with potentially a different immunogenetic background. The broad spectrum of MOGAD is also variable with age at onset. In children, ADEM is more prevalent compared with adults. In adults, most patients have ON, (LE)TM, or both (either simultaneously or subsequently).49 Despite these apparent phenotypical differences, we did not find differences in HLA allele frequencies when comparing subgroups regarding age (child vs adult), disease course (mono- vs multiphasic), and clinical presentation (opticospinal vs non-opticospinal and ADEM vs non-ADEM), neither after exclusion of rare MOGAD presentations. This again supports our main finding regarding the absence of HLA association in MOGAD, with also the absence of HLA association in distinctive MOGAD subgroups. In general, confounding due to linkage with neighboring HLA and non-HLA genes is a possible limitation when studying HLA associations. Furthermore, as described before, we should be reminiscent of the ethnic variation of HLA associations within the same disease. We therefore only included patients with European ancestry in our study. A specific limitation of our study is the relatively small sample size, which is inherent to the rarity of both antibody-mediated diseases. However, our AQP4-IgG–seropositive patient group was very homogeneous, and therefore, we do not expect that the relatively low number has influenced the results in this patient group. In contrast, our MOG-IgG–seropositive patient group was more heterogeneous regarding clinical phenotype and age at onset, as a result of the broad spectrum in MOGAD. Because of the small sample size, only limited subanalyses were possible to overcome this issue. In conclusion, we show no evidence for HLA association in MOGAD in the Dutch population with European ancestry. Whereas in AQP4-IgG–seropositive patients, the newly found association with HLA-A*01 and HLA-B*08, together with the confirmation of the earlier described association with HLA-DRB1*03, is suggestive of a role of this haplotype in the etiology of these AQP4-IgG–mediated diseases in patients with European ancestry. These findings are suggestive of a different immunogenetic background and therefore once again emphasize MOGAD and AQP4-IgG–positive NMOSD to be distinctive demyelinating disorders of the CNS. Similar studies need to be conducted in MOGAD, preferably with international collaboration for larger sample sizes. Furthermore, it would be interesting to investigate the independent risk of the found HLA Class I and II alleles to AQP4-IgG–positive NMOSD. Study funding The study was supported by the Dutch MS research Foundation. This study was not industry sponsored. Disclosure A.L. Bruijstens, Y.Y.M. Wong, D.E. van Pelt, P.J.E. van der Linden, G.W. Haasnoot, R.Q. Hintzen, F.H.J. Claas, R.F. Neuteboom, and B.H.A. Wokke report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Acknowledgment The authors thank the patients and their families for their participation in this study. Rogier Q. Hintzen is deceased. Appendix Authors Footnotes Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Funding information is provided at the end of the article. The Article Processing Charge was funded by the authors. ↵* These authors are shared last authors. Received November 18, 2019. Accepted in final form February 7, 2020. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. 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Josep Dalmau receives the “Scientific Breakthrough 2023” Award from the American Brain Foundation

From www.clinicbarcelona.org - May 23, 2023 2:38 PM
The accolade recognises the commitment of this Clínic Barcelona-IDIBAPS researcher to deepening our understanding of autoimmune neurological diseases such...
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IDIBAPS creates three multidisciplinary research programs to encourage collaboration among its groups

From www.clinicbarcelona.org - September 5, 2023 11:21 AM
They are the Translational cancer research program, the Synaptic autoimmunity in neurology, psychiatry and cognitive neuroscience program and the Lymphoid...
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ExTINGUISH: A Beacon of Hope for NMDAR Encephalitis

From youtu.be - August 6, 2023 7:10 PM
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MR Imaging Findings in a Large Population of Autoimmune Encephalitis | American Journal of Neuroradiology

MR Imaging Findings in a Large Population of Autoimmune Encephalitis | American Journal of Neuroradiology | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From www.ajnr.org - July 27, 2023 11:18 AM
Research ArticleAdult Brain MR Imaging Findings in a Large Population of Autoimmune Encephalitis S. Gillon, M. Chan, J. Chen, E.L. Guterman, X. Wu, C.M. Glastonbury and Y. Li American Journal of Neuroradiology July 2023, 44 (7) 799-806; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7907 ArticleFigures & DataInfo & MetricsReferences PDF This article requires a subscription to view the full text. If you have a subscription you may use the login form below to view the article. Access to this article can also be purchased. AbstractBACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Autoimmune encephalitis is a rare condition in which autoantibodies attack neuronal tissue, causing neuropsychiatric disturbances. This study sought to evaluate MR imaging findings associated with subtypes and categories of autoimmune encephalitis.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cases of autoimmune encephalitis with specific autoantibodies were identified from the medical record (2009–2019). Cases were excluded if no MR imaging of the brain was available, antibodies were associated with demyelinating disease, or >1 concurrent antibody was present. Demographics, CSF profile, antibody subtype and group (group 1 intracellular antigen or group 2 extracellular antigen), and MR imaging features at symptom onset were reviewed. Imaging and clinical features were compared across antibody groups using χ2 and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests.RESULTS: Eighty-five cases of autoimmune encephalitis constituting 16 distinct antibodies were reviewed. The most common antibodies were anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (n = 41), anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (n = 7), and anti-voltage-gated potassium channel (n = 6). Eighteen of 85 (21%) were group 1; and 67/85 (79%) were group 2. The median time between MR imaging and antibody diagnosis was 14 days (interquartile range, 4–26 days). MR imaging had normal findings in 33/85 (39%), and 20/33 (61%) patients with normal MRIs had anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies. Signal abnormality was most common in the limbic system (28/85, 33%); 1/68 (1.5%) had susceptibility artifacts. Brainstem and cerebellar involvement were more common in group 1, while leptomeningeal enhancement was more common in group 2.CONCLUSIONS: Sixty-one percent of patients with autoimmune encephalitis had abnormal brain MR imaging findings at symptom onset, most commonly involving the limbic system. Susceptibility artifact is rare and makes autoimmune encephalitis less likely as a diagnosis. Brainstem and cerebellar involvement were more common in group 1, while leptomeningeal enhancement was more common in group 2.ABBREVIATIONS:AIEautoimmune encephalitisanti-Gq1banti-ganglioside Q1banti-LGI1anti-leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1CASPR2contactin-associated protein-like 2GABAgamma-aminobutyric acidGADglutamic acid decarboxylaseGFAPglial fibrillary acidic proteinNMDAN-methyl-D-aspartatePD-1programmed cell death protein 1VGCCvoltage gated calcium channelVGKCvoltage-gated potassium channel© 2023 by American Journal of NeuroradiologyView Full Text Log in using your username and password Username * Password * Forgot your user name or password? PreviousNext Back to top In this issue American Journal of Neuroradiology Vol. 44, Issue 7 1 Jul 2023 Table of ContentsIndex by authorComplete Issue (PDF) Print Download PDF Email Article Citation Tools Share Tweet WidgetFacebook LikeGoogle Plus One Purchase Related ArticlesNo related articles found.PubMedGoogle Scholar Cited By...No citing articles found.CrossrefGoogle Scholar More in this TOC Section Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/MRI in Radiotherapy Planning in Patients with Intermediate-Risk Meningioma Choroid Plexus Calcification Correlates with Cortical Microglial Activation in Humans: A Multimodal PET, CT, MRI Study Show more ADULT BRAIN Similar Articles
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Elevated blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of microglial activation and blood‒brain barrier disruption in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis | Journal of Neuroinflammation | Full Text

Elevated blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of microglial activation and blood‒brain barrier disruption in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis | Journal of Neuroinflammation | Full Text | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com - July 27, 2023 11:01 AM
Background Anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune disease characterized by complex neuropsychiatric syndrome and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NMDAR antibodies. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) has been reported to be associated with inflammation of the...
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Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis and positive human herpesvirus-7 deoxyribonucleic acid in cerebrospinal fluid: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis and positive human herpesvirus-7 deoxyribonucleic acid in cerebrospinal fluid: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com - July 14, 2023 2:17 PM
Background Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a neuroautoimmune syndrome typically presenting with seizures, psychiatric symptoms, and autonomic dysfunction. Human herpesvirus-7 is often found with human herpesvirus-6 and infects leukocytes such as T-cells, monocytes–macrophages,...
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We have a winner! - The Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Foundation Prize, 2023

We have a winner! - The Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Foundation Prize, 2023 | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From www.antinmdafoundation.org - June 25, 2023 2:58 PM
It’s that time of year again, when the Foundation is delighted to offer its annual Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Foundation Prize to a promising neurology trainee ...Read More...
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Antibodies Associated With Autoimmune Encephalitis in Patients With Presumed Neurodegenerative Dementia | Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation

Antibodies Associated With Autoimmune Encephalitis in Patients With Presumed Neurodegenerative Dementia | Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From nn.neurology.org - June 19, 2023 9:45 PM
AbstractBackground & Objectives Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) may present with prominent cognitive disturbances without overt inflammatory changes in MRI and CSF. Identification of these neurodegenerative dementia diagnosis mimics is important because patients generally respond to immunotherapy. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of neuronal antibodies in patients with presumed neurodegenerative dementia and describe the clinical characteristics of the patients with neuronal antibodies.Methods In this retrospective cohort study, 920 patients were included with neurodegenerative dementia diagnosis from established cohorts at 2 large Dutch academic memory clinics. In total, 1,398 samples were tested (both CSF and serum in 478 patients) using immunohistochemistry (IHC), cell-based assays (CBA), and live hippocampal cell cultures (LN). To ascertain specificity and prevent false positive results, samples had to test positive by at least 2 different research techniques. Clinical data were retrieved from patient files.Results Neuronal antibodies were detected in 7 patients (0.8%), including anti-IgLON5 (n = 3), anti-LGI1 (n = 2), anti-DPPX, and anti-NMDAR. Clinical symptoms atypical for neurodegenerative diseases were identified in all 7 and included subacute deterioration (n = 3), myoclonus (n = 2), a history of autoimmune disease (n = 2), a fluctuating disease course (n = 1), and epileptic seizures (n = 1). In this cohort, no patients with antibodies fulfilled the criteria for rapidly progressive dementia (RPD), yet a subacute deterioration was reported in 3 patients later in the disease course. Brain MRI of none of the patients demonstrated abnormalities suggestive for AIE. CSF pleocytosis was found in 1 patient, considered as an atypical sign for neurodegenerative diseases. Compared with patients without neuronal antibodies (4 per antibody-positive patient), atypical clinical signs for neurodegenerative diseases were seen more frequently among the patients with antibodies (100% vs 21%, p = 0.0003), especially a subacute deterioration or fluctuating course (57% vs 7%, p = 0.009).Discussion A small, but clinically relevant proportion of patients suspected to have neurodegenerative dementias have neuronal antibodies indicative of AIE and might benefit from immunotherapy. In patients with atypical signs for neurodegenerative diseases, clinicians should consider neuronal antibody testing. Physicians should keep in mind the clinical phenotype and confirmation of positive test results to avoid false positive results and administration of potential harmful therapy for the wrong indication.GlossaryAD=Alzheimer dementia; AIE=autoimmune encephalitis; CBA=cell-based assays; DLB=dementia with Lewy bodies; IHC=immunohistochemistry; LN=live hippocampal cell cultures; PPA=primary progressive aphasia; PSP=progressive supranuclear palsy; RPD=rapidly progressive dementia; VGCC=voltage-gated calcium channelCognitive dysfunction can be the presenting and most prominent symptom in patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AIE).1,2 In contrast to neurodegenerative diseases, patients with antibody-mediated encephalitis might benefit from immunotherapy and improve considerably.3,4 The presence of neuronal antibodies has been reported predominantly in rapidly progressive dementia (RPD).5,6 However, AIE can present less fulminantly and is therefore potentially missed, resulting in diagnosis and treatment delay or even misdiagnosis.7,8 We hypothesized that a small—but not insignificant—part of dementia syndromes is indeed caused by antibody-mediated encephalitis and underdiagnosed, withholding these patients' available treatments. The wish to diagnose every single patient with autoimmune encephalitis is in opposition with the risk for false positive tests.9 Therefore, we strictly adhere to confirmation of positive test results with 2 different test techniques. In this study, we describe the frequency of neuronal antibodies in a cohort of patients diagnosed with various dementia syndromes in a memory clinic. In addition, we present clues to improve clinical recognition of AIE in dementia syndromes.MethodsPatients and Laboratory StudiesIn this retrospective multicenter study, we tested for the presence of neuronal antibodies in serum and CSF samples from patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative dementia diagnosis, included earlier prospectively in established cohorts at 2 large Dutch academic memory clinics (Erasmus University Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc)10 between 1998 and 2016 (84% last 10 years). All patients fulfilled the core clinical criteria for dementia, as defined by the National Institutes of Aging-Alzheimer Association workgroups.11 Patients were classified into 4 subgroups (based on diagnostic criteria): Alzheimer dementia (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD; both behavioral variant and primary progressive aphasia [PPA]), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and other dementia syndromes.11,-,14 Rapidly progressive dementia was defined as dementia within 12 months or death within 2 years after the appearance of the first cognitive symptoms.15 Patients with vascular dementia were not included. Clinic information was retrieved from the prospectively collected data. A subacute deterioration was defined as a marked progression of symptoms in 3 months and a fluctuating course as a disease course fluctuating over a longer period (e.g., weeks to months; different from the fluctuations within a day as seen in some patients with DLB). Dementia markers were scored according to the reference values (per year and per center; included in Table 1).View inline View popup Table 1 Patient Characteristics of Auto-antibody Positive PatientsAll samples, stored in both cohorts' biobanks, were screened for immunoreactivity with immunohistochemistry (IHC), as previously described.16 Preferably, paired serum and CSF were tested for optimal sensitivity and specificity. Samples that were showing a positive or questionable staining pattern were tested more extensively using validated commercial cell-based assays (CBA) and in-house CBA (eTable 1, links.lww.com/NXI/A869). In addition, these samples were tested with live hippocampal cell cultures (LN).16,17 To ascertain specificity, only samples that could be confirmed by CBA or LN were scored as positive because there is a higher risk for false-positive test results in this population with a low a priori chance to have encephalitis.9,18 If IHC was suggestive for antibodies against intracellular (paraneoplastic) targets, this was explored by a different IHC technique.19 Anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO), voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC), or low titer glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies were not tested for because these are generally nonspecific at these ages and are not associated with dementia syndromes.Antibody-positive patients were described exploratory and compared with a randomly selected antibody-negative group (ratio 1:4) matched for memory clinic, dementia subtype, sex, and age (±5 years). For these comparisons, medical records were additionally assessed for both the antibody-positive and antibody-negative patients. All antibody-positive patients were reviewed by a panel consisting of neurologists specialized in neurodegenerative (F.J., H.S., J.S.) or autoimmune diseases (J.V., P.S.S., M.T.), and a consensus classification of AIE vs AIE with a neurodegenerative dementia comorbidity was reached.Statistical AnalysisWe used IBM SPSS 25.0 (SPSS Inc) and Prism 8.4.3 (GraphPad) for statistical analysis. Baseline characteristics were analyzed using the Fisher exact test, the Fisher-Freeman-Halton test, or the Kruskal-Wallis test, when appropriate. For group comparisons, encompassing categorical data, we used the Pearson χ2 test or the Fisher-Freeman-Halton test, when appropriate. Continuous data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. All p-values were two-sided and considered statistically significant when below 0.05. We applied no correction for multiple testing, and therefore, p values between 0.05 and 0.005 should be interpreted carefully.Standard Protocol Approvals, Registrations, and Patient ConsentsThe study was approved by The Institutional Review Boards of Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam and Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.Data AvailabilityAny data not published within this article are available at the Erasmus MC University Medical Center. Patient-related data will be shared on reasonable request from any qualified investigator, maintaining anonymization of the individual patients.ResultsIn total, 1,398 samples from 920 patients were tested (Figure; in 478, both CSF and serum [52%]). Three-hundred fifty-eight patients were classified as AD (39%), 283 FTD (31%), and 161 DLB (17%). The fourth subgroup with other dementia syndromes consisted of 118 patients (13%), including progressive supranuclear palsy (n = 48, 5%) and corticobasal syndrome (n = 29, 3%). The median age at disease onset was 62 years (range 16–90 years). Male patients were overrepresented (n = 542, 59%), and 60 patients (7%) fulfilled the criteria for rapidly progressive dementia (RPD; eTable 2, links.lww.com/NXI/A869).<img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image" alt="Figure" width="440" height="305" src="https://nn.neurology.org/content/nnn/10/5/e200137/F1.medium.gif">Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure Flowchart of Patient Inclusion With Antibody ResultsIn total, 920 patients (1,398 samples) with a presumed neurodegenerative dementia syndrome were tested for the presence of neuronal antibodies in serum and CSF. Neuronal antibodies were detected in 7 patients (0.8%, 95% CI 0.2–1.3); five among the 358 Alzheimer disease patients. Subclassification of the ‘other’ group is provided in supplementary table eTable 2 (links.lww.com/NXI/A869). AD = Alzheimer disease; DLB = diffuse Lewy body dementia; DPPX = dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-like protein 6; FTD = frontotemporal dementia; IgLON5 = Ig-like domain-containing protein family member 5; LGI1 = leucin-rich glioma inactivated protein 1; NMDAR = N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor; S = serum.Neuronal antibodies were detected in 7 patients (0.8%; 5 in the AD group: 1.4%; Figure), including anti-IgLON5 (n = 3), anti-LGI1 (n = 2), anti-DPPX (n = 1), and anti-NMDAR antibodies (n = 1; Table 1). Among these 7, 4 patients were diagnosed retrospectively with an exclusive diagnosis of AIE, while 3 patients were classified to have AIE (anti-IgLON5 [n = 2] and anti-NMDAR antibodies [n = 1]) with a neurodegenerative dementia comorbidity. No patients with antibodies fulfilled the criteria for RPD, yet a subacute deterioration later in the disease was reported in 3 patients. Atypical clinical signs for neurodegenerative diseases were present in 7 of 7 antibody-positive patients (100% vs 21% in antibody-negative patients, p = 0.0003; Table 2). These included a subacute deterioration (n = 3), myoclonus (n = 2), a fluctuating disease course over months (n = 1), a history of autoimmune disease (n = 2), and epileptic seizures (n = 1; Table 1). Brain MRI of none of the patients demonstrated abnormalities suggestive for active AIE, in particular no hippocampal swelling nor increased T2-signal intensity. CSF pleocytosis was found in 1 patient. CSF biomarkers (t-tau, p-tau, and Aβ42) were tested in 5 of 7 patients, and t-tau and p-tau were increased in 4, while a low Aβ42 was seen in 2. Of note, only 1 patient had the combination of reduced Aβ42 and increased p-tau/t-tau, and was diagnosed with a comorbid AD. No patient received immunotherapy. Two patients still alive (1 anti-LG1, 1 anti-DPPX positive) were contacted but refused to visit our clinic to try very delayed immunotherapy trials. It is of interest that the patient with anti-DPPX antibodies showed spontaneous improvement of cognitive disturbances, atypical for a pure neurodegenerative disease.View inline View popup Table 2 Comparisons Between Patients With Neuronal Auto-antibodies and Antibody-Negative PatientsCompared with the patients without neuronal antibodies, subacute cognitive deterioration or fluctuating course was present more frequently (4/7 [57%] vs 2/28 [7%], p = 0.009). Although movement disorders (myoclonus) and autoimmune disorders were present in 2 of 7 patients each, this did not reach significance (Table 2).DiscussionIn this large, multicenter, cohort study consisting of patients with a presumed neurodegenerative dementia diagnosis, we show that a small, but clinically relevant proportion (0.8%) have neuronal antibodies. In this particular group, 4 of 7 antibody-positive patients presented with an atypical clinical course (subacute deterioration or fluctuating disease course), which is considered as a clinical clue (‘red flag’) for an antibody-mediated etiology of dementia.4 It is important that a fluctuating disease course was observed over a longer period (e.g., weeks or months) in AIE and should not be confused with shorter fluctuations of cognition or alertness (over the day) in DLB. Other known red flags, which we observed in these 7 patients, were myoclonus, epilepsy, pleocytosis, or a history of autoimmune disorders, as described earlier.1,4,-,6 Compared with antibody-negative patients, no significant difference was found related to these symptoms alone, probably due to the low number of positive patients and related low power. However, atypical clinical signs for neurodegenerative diseases together were seen significantly more frequently in the antibody-positive group. Within this cohort mostly devoid of patients with RPD, none of the antibody-positive patients fulfilled the criteria for RPD, nor ancillary testing showed specific signs for AIE in most patients. This implicates that AIE can resemble more protracted, progressive neurodegenerative dementia syndromes, as we reported earlier.1Three antibody-positive patients had IgLON5 antibodies, which is a very rare and known to have heterogeneous (chronic) clinical manifestations, including pronounced sleep problems, cognitive dysfunction, and movement disorders.20,21 Misdiagnosis with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is reported, mainly associated with the preceding movement disorders. In addition, half of the patients have cognitive impairment of whom 20% fulfilled clinical criteria for dementia.21 It is of interest that IgLON5 disease shares features with neurodegeneration because autopsy studies showed tau deposits.22 However, there is a strong HLA association,20 and studies show that antibodies directly bind to surface IgLON5 on neurons and directly alter neuronal function and structure,23 suggesting a primary inflammatory disease.In previous research, a notably higher frequency (14%) of neuronal antibodies in patients with dementia was reported by Giannocaro et al.24 The discrepancy with our test results is probably explained by differences in patient selection and antibody testing methodology. First, 30% of the patients in the cohort described by Giannocaro et al. demonstrated CSF inflammatory abnormalities, indicating a relatively high pretest probability of antibody-positivity compared with our study.24 A lack of CSF pleocytosis probably better represents the population of memory clinics. Second, the previous study exclusively tested serum by cell-based assay without confirmatory tests nor testing antibodies in CSF.24 We only considered antibody test results positive when confirmed by additional techniques to avoid suboptimal specificity and false-positive test results.9Previous studies, including our own, suggested RPD as a relevant red flag for AIE,1,4,9,25 but we cannot determine this from our study based on the design of our study. We included patients at tertiary memory clinics without overt signs or symptoms suggestive for encephalitis. Therefore, the amount of patients with RPD included was very limited (7%), comparable with other large dementia cohort studies, as was the amount of patients with abnormal ancillary testing suggestive for AIE because this would have prompted a different approach than referral to a tertiary memory clinic. These patients with RPD and ancillary testing suggestive of AIE were not included in our study. Inclusion of those patients would have likely increased our rate of positivity.The strength of our study is the large number of paired samples (serum and CSF combined) from a cohort with various presumed neurodegenerative diseases without AIE suspicion, representative for academic memory clinics. A limitation is the lack of neuropathologic data to support our findings and make diagnoses of neurodegeneration or inflammation definite. To confirm if the symptoms are related to the presence of antibodies, we tried to overcome this concern in different ways. First, the presence of antibodies in serum and CSF was confirmed by different techniques (cell-based assay, tissue immunohistochemistry, and cultured live neurons), indicating optimal test specificity. Second, afterward patients were thoroughly reviewed by a panel of neurologists specialized in neurodegenerative or autoimmune disease to detect atypical signs and symptoms related to AIE. This is a very large cohort of patients with dementia examined for the presence of neuronal antibodies. Nevertheless, an important limitation of this study is the small number of antibody-positive patients, underpowering the probability to identify significant differences between antibody-positive and antibody-negative patients. The low number of patients with RPD has probably added to this small number, and a prospective study including patients with RPD is recommended. Nevertheless, several probable red flags could be identified. Diagnosing AIE in patients with dementia is highly relevant because these patients might respond to immunotherapy. Therefore, clinicians should test for neuronal antibody in patients demonstrating red flags suggestive for an autoimmune etiology, if possible early in disease course. When profound temporal lobe atrophy already has developed, little effect is to be expected. Red flags identified in this study are subacute deterioration or fluctuating course. Other red flags described previously, we also see reflected in our study, are autoimmune disorders, myoclonus, seizures, and pleocytosis,1,4,-,6 Preferably, both serum and CSF should be tested and confirmed by additional techniques. Always consider the possibility of a false positive test result, especially when only using a single technique (like the commercial cell-based assay). If the clinical phenotype is atypical, confirmation in a research laboratory should be mandatory. The use of antibody panels is discouraged, especially including the paraneoplastic blots, because these are associated with higher risks of lack of clinical relevance.26 This caution is even more warranted for tests not associated with neurodegenerative syndromes, but with a history of nonspecificity, including VGKC (in the absence of LGI1 or CASPR2), VGCC, anti-TPO, and low-titer anti-GAD65.27,-,30 Further research should focus on improving clinical recognition of AIE in patients with dementia determining the effect of immunotherapy in this specific patient category and assessing the frequency of AIE in RPD.In conclusion, we have shown that a clinically relevant, albeit small proportion of patients with a suspected neurodegenerative disease and nonrapidly progressive course have neuronal antibodies indicative of AIE.Study FundingM.J. Titulaer was supported by an Erasmus MC fellowship and has received funding from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, Veni incentive), ZonMw (Memorabel program), the Dutch Epilepsy Foundation (NEF 14-19 & 19-08), Dioraphte (2001 0403), and E-RARE JTC 2018 (UltraAIE, 90030376505). F. Leypoldt has received funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research (01GM1908A) and the Era-Net funding program (LE3064/2-1).DisclosureA.E.M. Bastiaansen reports no disclosures. R.W. van Steenhoven reports no disclosures. Research programs of Wiesje van der Flier have been funded by ZonMW, now, EUFP7, EU-JPND, Alzheimer Nederland, Hersenstichting CardioVascular Onderzoek Nederland, Health∼Holland, Topsector Life Sciences & Health, stichting Dioraphte, Gieskes-Strijbis fonds, stichting Equilibrio, Edwin Bouw fonds, Pasman stichting, stichting Alzheimer & Neuropsychiatrie Foundation, Philips, Biogen MA Inc, Novartis-NL, Life-MI, AVID, Roche BV, Fujifilm, and Combinostics. W.M. van der Flier holds the Pasman chair. W.M. van der Flier is recipient of ABOARD, which is a public-private partnership receiving funding from ZonMW (#73305095007) and Health Holland, Topsector Life Sciences & Health (PPP-allowance; #LSHM20106). All funding is paid to her institution. WF has performed contract research for Biogen MA Inc and Boehringer Ingelheim. All funding is paid to her institution. W.M. van der Flier has been an invited speaker at Boehringer Ingelheim, Biogen MA Inc, Danone, Eisai, WebMD Neurology (Medscape), and Springer Healthcare. All funding is paid to her institution. W.M. van der Flier is consultant to Oxford Health Policy Forum CIC, Roche, and Biogen MA Inc. All funding is paid to her institution. W.M. van der Flier participated in advisory boards of Biogen MA Inc and Roche. All funding is paid to her institution. W.M. van der Flier is a member of the steering committee of PAVE and Think Brain Health. W.M. van der Flier was an associate editor of Alzheimer, Research & Therapy in 2020/2021. W.M. van der Flier is an associate editor at Brain. Research of C. Teunissen was supported by the European Commission (Marie Curie International Training Network, Grant Agreement No. 860197 (MIRIADE)), Innovative Medicines Initiatives 3TR (Horizon 2020, Grant No. 831434), EPND (IMI 2 Joint Undertaking (JU) under Grant Agreement No. 101034344) and JPND (bPRIDE), National MS Society (Progressive MS alliance) and Health Holland, the Dutch Research Council (ZonMW), Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation, The Selfridges Group Foundation, Alzheimer Netherlands, and Alzheimer Association. C. Teunissen is recipient of ABOARD, which is a public-private partnership receiving funding from ZonMW (#73305095007) and Health∼Holland, Topsector Life Sciences & Health (PPP-allowance, #LSHM20106). ABOARD also receives funding from Edwin Bouw Fonds and Gieskes-Strijbisfonds. C. Teunissen has a collaboration contract with ADx Neurosciences, Quanterix, and Eli Lilly, performed contract research or received grants from AC-Immune, Axon Neurosciences, Bioconnect, Bioorchestra, Brainstorm Therapeutics, Celgene, EIP Pharma, Eisai, Grifols, Novo Nordisk, PeopleBio, Roche, Toyama, and Vivoryon. She serves on editorial boards of Medidact Neurologie/Springer, Alzheimer Research and Therapy, and Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation and is an editor of a Neuromethods book Springer. She had speaker contracts for Roche, Grifols, and Novo Nordisk. E. de Graaff holds a patent for the detection of anti-DNER antibodies. M.M.P. Nagtzaam reports no disclosures. M. Paunovic reports no disclosures. S. Franken reports no disclosures. M.W.J. Schreurs reports no disclosures. F. Leypoldt has received speakers honoraria from Grifols, Roche, Novartis, Alexion, and Biogen and serves on an advisory board for Roche and Biogen. He works for an academic institution (University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein) which offers commercial autoantibody testing. P.A.E. Sillevis Smitt holds a patent for the detection of anti-DNER and received research support from Euroimmun. J.M. de Vries reports no disclosures. H. Seelaar reports no disclosures. J.C. van Swieten reports no disclosures. F.J. de Jong reports no disclosures. Y.A.L. Pijnenburg Research of Alzheimer center Amsterdam is part of the neurodegeneration research program of Amsterdam Neuroscience. Alzheimer Center Amsterdam is supported by Stichting Alzheimer Nederland and Stichting VUmc fonds. The chair of Wiesje van der Flier is supported by the Pasman stichting. M.J. Titulaer has filed a patent, on behalf of the Erasmus MC, for methods for typing neurologic disorders and cancer, and devices for use therein, and has received research funds for serving on a scientific advisory board of Horizon Therapeutics, for consultation at Guidepoint Global LLC, for consultation at UCB, for teaching colleagues by Novartis. MT has received an unrestricted research grant from Euroimmun AG and from CSL Behring. Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosure.AcknowledgmentThe authors thank all patients for their participation. The authors also thank Esther Hulsenboom and Ashraf Jozefzoon-Aghai for their technical assistance. M.W.J. Schreurs, F. Leypoldt, P.A.E. Sillevis Smitt, J.M. de Vries, and M.J. Titulaer of this publication are members of the European Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory, and Autoimmune Diseases—Project ID No. 739543 (ERN-RITA; HCP Erasmus MC and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein). H. Seelaar, J.C. van Swieten, and F.J. de Jong of this publication are members of the European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases—Project ID 73910. Research of the VUmc Alzheimer center is part of the neurodegeneration research program of Amsterdam Neuroscience. The Alzheimer Center VUmc is supported by Alzheimer Nederland and Stichting VUmc Fonds. The clinical database structure was developed with funding from Stichting Dioraphte.Appendix Authors<img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image" alt="Table" src="https://nn.neurology.org/content/nnn/10/5/e200137/T3.medium.gif"; width="599" height="2531">FootnotesGo to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Funding information is provided at the end of the article.The Article Processing Charge was funded the authors.Submitted and externally peer reviewed. The handling editor was Editor Josep O. Dalmau, MD, PhD, FAAN.Received December 8, 2022.Accepted in final form May 8, 2023.Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.References1.↵Bastiaansen AEM, van Steenhoven RW, de Bruijn M, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis resembling dementia syndromes. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021;8(5):e1039.OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text2.↵Lancaster E, Lai M, Peng X, et al. Antibodies to the GABA(B) receptor in limbic encephalitis with seizures: case series and characterisation of the antigen. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(1):67-76.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed3.↵Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2013;12(2):157-165.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed4.↵Flanagan EP, McKeon A, Lennon VA, et al. Autoimmune dementia: clinical course and predictors of immunotherapy response. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(10):881-897.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed5.↵Geschwind MD, Tan KM, Lennon VA, et al. Voltage-gated potassium channel autoimmunity mimicking creutzfeldt-jakob disease. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(10):1341-1346.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed6.↵Grau-Rivera O, Sanchez-Valle R, Saiz A, et al. Determination of neuronal antibodies in suspected and definite Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(1):74-78.OpenUrl7.↵Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Late-onset anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Neurology. 2013;81(12):1058-1063.OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text8.↵Gaig C, Graus F, Compta Y, et al. Clinical manifestations of the anti-IgLON5 disease. Neurology. 2017;88(18):1736-1743.OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text9.↵Bastiaansen AEM, de Bruijn M, Schuller SL, et al. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis in The Netherlands, focusing on late-onset patients and antibody test accuracy. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2022;9(2):e1127.OpenUrl10.↵van der Flier WM, Scheltens P. Amsterdam dementia cohort: performing research to optimize care. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;62(3):1091-1111.OpenUrl11.↵McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):263-269.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed12.↵Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, et al. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 9):2456-2477.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed13.↵Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, et al. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology. 2011;76(11):1006-1014.OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text14.↵McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2017;89(1):88-100.OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text15.↵Geschwind MD. Rapidly progressive dementia. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016;22(2 Dementia):510-537.OpenUrl16.↵Ances BM, Vitaliani R, Taylor RA, et al. Treatment-responsive limbic encephalitis identified by neuropil antibodies: MRI and PET correlates. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 8):1764-1777.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed17.↵Gresa-Arribas N, Titulaer MJ, Torrents A, et al. Antibody titres at diagnosis and during follow-up of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a retrospective study. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(2):167-177.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed18.↵Martinez-Martinez P, Titulaer MJ. Autoimmune psychosis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(2):122-123.OpenUrl19.↵van Coevorden-Hameete MH, Titulaer MJ, Schreurs MW, et al. Detection and characterization of autoantibodies to neuronal cell-surface antigens in the central nervous system. Front Mol Neurosci. 2016;9:37.OpenUrl20.↵Sabater L, Gaig C, Gelpi E, et al. A novel non-rapid-eye movement and rapid-eye-movement parasomnia with sleep breathing disorder associated with antibodies to IgLON5: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and post-mortem study. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(6):575-586.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed21.↵Gaig C, Compta Y, Heidbreder A, et al. Frequency and characterization of movement disorders in anti-IgLON5 disease. Neurology. 2021;97(14):e1367–e1381.OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text22.↵Gelpi E, Hoftberger R, Graus F, et al. Neuropathological criteria of anti-IgLON5-related tauopathy. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;132(4):531-543.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed23.↵Landa J, Gaig C, Plaguma J, et al. Effects of IgLON5 antibodies on neuronal cytoskeleton: a link between autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. Ann Neurol. 2020;88(5):1023-1027.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed24.↵Giannoccaro MP, Gastaldi M, Rizzo G, et al. Antibodies to neuronal surface antigens in patients with a clinical diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorder. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;96:106-112.OpenUrl25.↵Hermann P, Zerr I. Rapidly progressive dementias - aetiologies, diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022;18(6):363-376.OpenUrl26.↵Dechelotte B, Muniz-Castrillo S, Joubert B, et al. Diagnostic yield of commercial immunodots to diagnose paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020;7(3):e701.OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text27.↵van Sonderen A, Schreurs MW, de Bruijn MA, et al. The relevance of VGKC positivity in the absence of LGI1 and Caspr2 antibodies. Neurology. 2016;86(18):1692-1699.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed28.↵Muñoz Lopetegi A, Boukhrissi S, Bastiaansen A, et al. Neurological syndromes related to anti-GAD65: clinical and serological response to treatment. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020;7(3):e696.OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text29.↵Mattozzi S, Sabater L, Escudero D, et al. Hashimoto encephalopathy in the 21st century. Neurology. 2020;94(2):e217-e224.OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text30.↵Flanagan EP, Geschwind MD, Lopez-Chiriboga AS, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis misdiagnosis in adults. JAMA Neurol. 2023;80(1):30-39.OpenUrl
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Autoimmune Encephalitis Consensus Criteria | Neurology Clinical Practice

Autoimmune Encephalitis Consensus Criteria | Neurology Clinical Practice | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From cp.neurology.org - June 14, 2023 7:42 PM
June 2023; 13 (3) Editorial Autoimmune Encephalitis Consensus CriteriaLessons Learned From Real-World Practice View ORCID ProfileJeffrey M. Gelfand, Chu-Yueh Guo First published April 25, 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200155 Full PDF Citation Permissions Make Comment See Comments Downloads133 Share Article Info & Disclosures This article requires a subscription to view the full text. If you have a subscription you may use the login form below to view the article. Access to this article can also be purchased. Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) encompasses a spectrum of neurologic disorders caused by brain inflammation, a subset of which is associated with autoantibodies to neuronal cell-surface antigens such as anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor AE or anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) AE.1 Up to half of patients with AE, however, do not have abnormal neuronal or glial autoantibodies identified and are classified as having “seronegative” AE.2 Clinical antibody testing can take several days to result, a time in which clinicians caring for patients with suspected AE may wish to initiate empiric immunosuppressive therapy. Antibody testing is also not readily accessible in some health care settings and, even when technically available, may require time-consuming advocacy with local clinical laboratories to justify relatively costly send-out testing. To add further complexity, some patients with immunoreactive (e.g., laboratory true-positive) antibodies do not have clinical AE, and over-reliance and misapplication of antibody testing were identified as important contributors to AE misdiagnosis in a 2023 multicenter analysis.3FootnotesFunding information and disclosures are provided at the end of the article. Full disclosure form information provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at Neurology.org/cp.See page e200151© 2023 American Academy of NeurologyView Full Text AAN Members We have changed the login procedure to improve access between AAN.com and the Neurology journals. If you are experiencing issues, please log out of AAN.com and clear history and cookies. (For instructions by browser, please click the instruction pages below). After clearing, choose preferred Journal and select login for AAN Members. You will be redirected to a login page where you can log in with your AAN ID number and password. When you are returned to the Journal, your name should appear at the top right of the page. Google Safari Microsoft Edge Firefox Click here to login AAN Non-Member Subscribers Click here to login Purchase access For assistance, please contact: AAN Members (800) 879-1960 or (612) 928-6000 (International) Non-AAN Member subscribers (800) 638-3030 or (301) 223-2300 option 3, select 1 (international) Sign Up Information on how to subscribe to Neurology and Neurology: Clinical Practice can be found here Purchase Individual access to articles is available through the Add to Cart option on the article page. Access for 1 day (from the computer you are currently using) is US$ 39.00. Pay-per-view content is for the use of the payee only, and content may not be further distributed by print or electronic means. The payee may view, download, and/or print the article for his/her personal, scholarly, research, and educational use. Distributing copies (electronic or otherwise) of the article is not allowed. You May Also be Interested in Back to top Safety and Efficacy of Tenecteplase and Alteplase in Patients With Tandem Lesion Stroke: A Post Hoc Analysis of the EXTEND-IA TNK Trials Dr. Nicole Sur and Dr. Mausaminben Hathidara ► Watch Related Articles Autoimmune Encephalitis Criteria in Clinical Practice Topics Discussed All Clinical Neurology Autoimmune diseases Encephalitis Alert Me Alert me when eletters are published
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Predictive Value of Serum Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis

Predictive Value of Serum Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov - June 14, 2023 7:41 PM
Increased serum NfL levels reflect neuroaxonal damage in anti-NMDAR encephalitis. No relationship was identified with disease severity, whereas the association with outcome was confounded by age.The implied role of sampling timing on NfL levels also limits the applicability of NfL as a prognostic...
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Frontiers | The MOG antibody associated encephalitis preceded by COVID-19 infection; a case study and systematic review of the literature

Frontiers | The MOG antibody associated encephalitis preceded by COVID-19 infection; a case study and systematic review of the literature | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From www.frontiersin.org - September 5, 2023 11:22 AM
BackgroundNew neurological complications of COVID-19 infection have been reported in recent research. Among them, the spectrum of anti-MOG positive diseases, defined as anti-MOG antibody associated disease (MOGAD), is distinguished, which can manifest as optic neuritis, myelitis, or various forms...
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Enceph-IG Study - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences - University of Liverpool

Enceph-IG Study - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences - University of Liverpool | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From www.liverpool.ac.uk - August 6, 2023 7:27 PM
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A Rare Presentation of Steroid-responsive Encephalopathy Associated with Autoimmune Thyroiditis with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms: A Case Report

A Rare Presentation of Steroid-responsive Encephalopathy Associated with Autoimmune Thyroiditis with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms: A Case Report | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From touchneurology.com - July 27, 2023 11:22 AM
A 42-year-old woman presented in the emergency department with acute onset whole-body myoclonic jerks for 1 day.On enquiry, the patient’s parents advised...
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Pioneering Research in Autoimmune Neurology: Vanda Lennon, M.D., Ph.D.

Pioneering Research in Autoimmune Neurology: Vanda Lennon, M.D., Ph.D. | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From news.mayocliniclabs.com - July 27, 2023 11:05 AM
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New center to spotlight neurological autoimmune disorders

New center to spotlight neurological autoimmune disorders | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From bioengineer.org - July 14, 2023 2:19 PM
How do neurological disorders arise that are caused, triggered, or influenced by antibodies? What better possibilities are there for diagnosis – and above all for treatment? These are the questions addressed by the new Clinical Research Unit “BecauseY” headed by Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin.
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Progressive alliance advances science through patient-powered research

Progressive alliance advances science through patient-powered research | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From news.mayocliniclabs.com - July 14, 2023 2:16 PM
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ENCEPH-IG Trial: The Challenges Of Running A Rare Disease Trial - Centre for Trials Research

ENCEPH-IG Trial: The Challenges Of Running A Rare Disease Trial - Centre for Trials Research | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From blogs.cardiff.ac.uk - June 19, 2023 9:46 PM
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30 neurological disorders every doctor should know about –

30 neurological disorders every doctor should know about – | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From theneurologylounge.com - June 19, 2023 9:42 PM
Neurology is a jungle of disorders and syndromes. This creates a challenge for doctors and medical students... What to prioritise for learning and practice? *** To solve this conundrum... We combed the extensive database of Neurochecklists...
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A score that predicts 1-year functional status in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

A score that predicts 1-year functional status in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov - June 19, 2023 9:34 PM
The NEOS score accurately predicts 1-year functional status in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. This score could help estimate the clinical course following diagnosis and may aid in identifying patients who could benefit from novel therapies.
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Canadian Blood Services needs thousands more donors to roll up their sleeves | CBC News

Canadian Blood Services needs thousands more donors to roll up their sleeves | CBC News | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From www.cbc.ca - June 19, 2023 9:28 PM
Canadian Blood Services is looking to fill 150,000 appointments for people willing to donate their blood or plasma to tackle a shortage.
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A catatonic woman awakened after 20 years. Her story may change psychiatry – My Health CRM

A catatonic woman awakened after 20 years. Her story may change psychiatry – My Health CRM | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From myhealthcrm.com - June 14, 2023 7:43 PM
New research suggests that a subset of patients with psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia may actually have autoimmune disease that attacks the brain...
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Case Report: Paroxysmal weakness of unilateral limb as an initial symptom in anti-LGI1 encephalitis: a report of five cases

Case Report: Paroxysmal weakness of unilateral limb as an initial symptom in anti-LGI1 encephalitis: a report of five cases | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov - June 14, 2023 7:41 PM
Anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) encephalitis is the second most common kind of autoimmune encephalitis following anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis.Anti-LGI1 encephalitis is characterized by cognitive impairment or rapid progressive dementia, psychiatric disorders...
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Medical Moment: The signs of ‘brain-on-fire’ disease

Medical Moment: The signs of ‘brain-on-fire’ disease | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
From www.wndu.com - June 14, 2023 7:40 PM
(WNDU) - Imagine being totally fine one day, then the next, you’re having hallucinations, seizures, memory loss, and even trouble talking.It’s called “brain-on-fire” disease or anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. It’s a rare neurological disorder that can cause inflammation in the brain.It occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the NMDA receptors in the brain, which are responsible for regulating communication between nerve cells. Brain-on-fire disease is often misdiagnosed as other neurological disorders or psychiatric illnesses because its symptoms are similar to those of many other conditions.However, a blood or cerebrospinal fluid test can help diagnose the disease by detecting the presence of antibodies that attack the NMDA receptors in the brain. The disease is rare as it affects one in 1.5 million people a year.Katie Miller would be one of those people.Hunting, mountain biking, horseback riding - you name it, Katie Miler would do it... until she couldn’t.“I just didn’t feel like myself, like normal,” Katie recalled.“Katie said, ‘Mom, I feel like my brain snapped,’” said Colleen Miller, Katie’s mother.Local doctors admitted Katie into a psychiatric ward, but what was happening to Katie wasn’t mental; it was physical.“What happens is you’re perfectly normal one day, and suddenly overnight, this person can become paranoid, can start having visual hallucinations, auditory hallucinations,” explained Stacy Clardy, MD, PhD, an autoimmune neurologist at the University of Utah.Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is misdiagnosed as a psychiatric disorder in up to 40% of patients.“So, for many of the females, especially after puberty, they can develop what’s called an ovarian dermoid cyst or an ovarian teratoma,” Dr. Clardy said.These cysts often have hair and teeth in them. The immune system sees it as foreign and attacks it, but...“In these cysts, there is a component of tissue that really is brain tissue,” Dr. Clardy continued.Within four days, Katie was catatonic and needed a ventilator to breathe. There is no single approved treatment. That’s why a five-year, nationwide clinical trial is testing whether a drug called Inebilizumab will stop the assault on the brain. It has the potential to improve outcomes for patients who are not responding to other treatments and may also lead to fewer long-term neurological effects.Katie had her cyst removed; she can’t remember three months of her life. But now, with various medications, Katie is on her way to recovery.Up to 50% of patients can suffer long-term consequences, especially cognitive and mood symptoms.Copyright 2023 WNDU. All rights reserved.
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