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Multiplex family with GAD65-Abs neurologic syndromes

Multiplex family with GAD65-Abs neurologic syndromes | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
Abstract Objective: Neurologic autoimmune syndromes associated with anti–glutamate acid decarboxylase 65 antibodies (GAD65-Abs) are rare and mostly sporadic. Methods: We describe a niece and her aunt with GAD65-Abs neurologic syndromes. High-resolution HLA typing of Class I and Class II alleles was performed using next-generation sequencing. Results: The proband had cerebellar ataxia and probable limbic encephalitis features, whereas her niece had stiff-person syndrome. Both had a high titer of GAD65-Abs in serum and CSF and showed signs of inflammation in CSF. Both affected members carried the same rare recombinant DRB1*15:01:01∼DQA1*01:02:01∼DQB1*05:02:01 haplotype, which may or may not be involved in disease susceptibility. Of interest, other unaffected members of the family either had the same HLA haplotype but normal serum GAD65-Abs or had different HLA types but a high titer of serum GAD65-Abs without neurologic symptoms, suggesting cumulative effects. Conclusions: This unique association strengthens the concept that hereditary factors, possibly including specific HLA haplotypes, play a role in neurologic syndromes associated with GAD65-Abs. GLOSSARY GAD=glutamic acid decarboxylase; IgG=immunoglobulin G; SPS=stiff-person syndrome; T1DM=type 1 diabetes mellitus; TG=antithyroglobulin; TPO=antithyroperoxidase Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the production of γ-aminobutyric acid, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS. GAD is also expressed in pancreatic islet β-cells.1 Anti-GAD65 antibodies (GAD65-Abs) have been described as a biological marker in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but also in some patients with neurologic diseases, such as stiff-person syndrome (SPS), cerebellar ataxia, or limbic encephalitis.2,–,7 Although rare, the concept of neurologic syndromes with GAD65-Abs is now well established, most cases reported so far being sporadic.8 Few experimental studies suggest a possible pathogenic role of GAD65-Abs.9,–,11 We describe 2 members of the same family with GAD65-Abs neurologic syndromes in combination with a rare recombinant HLA haplotype and 2 other members without the same haplotype and with a high level of GAD65-Abs but no neurologic symptoms. These results suggest that there may be a genetic basis for susceptibility of the development of GAD-antibody autoimmunity. METHODS Written informed consent was obtained from all HLA-tested members, and this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 and Hospices Civils de Lyon. Samples are deposited in the collection of biological samples named “Neurobiotec” registered as the biobank of the Hospices Civils de Lyon. Full HLA next-generation sequencing–based typing was performed based on long-range PCRs detailed by Wang in 2012.12 RESULTS Cases reports. The first patient (II3, figure), a 68-year-old woman without a medical history, first developed acute dizziness and vomiting. Neurologic clinical examination revealed an ataxic gait with enlargement of the sustentation polygon and nystagmus. The rest of the physical examination was normal. Videonystagmography revealed a left vestibular deficit. Brain MRI showed no cerebellar atrophy, but hypersignal intensity on fluid attenuation inversion recovery sequences restricted to both hippocampi (nevertheless, no acute clinical signs of limbic encephalitis were observed). CSF examination showed elevated protein levels at 0.71 g/L without white blood cells and a normal immunoglobulin G (IgG) index (0.5; normal <0.7), but few oligoclonal bands (<5) were present. GAD65-Abs were positive in CSF at 250 IU/mL as well as in the serum above 1,200 IU/mL (ELISA Medipan, cutoff positivity: 5 IU/mL). Antithyroperoxidase (TPO) and antithyroglobulin (TG) antibodies were also positive (Varelisa; Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA) (718 and 283 IU/mL, respectively, cutoff of positivity for both Abs: 60 IU/mL). No other biological abnormalities were detected. Body fluorodeoxyglucose–PET and mammography were also normal. A diagnosis of cerebellar ataxia with GAD65-Abs was proposed, and treatment with monthly IV immunoglobulin was initiated. After 6 months, the patient stabilized, while still exhibiting a mild cerebellar syndrome. GAD65-Abs remained positive during 15 years of follow-up. Brain MRI performed 4 years after onset showed cerebellar and diffuse brain atrophy. The patient developed late-onset T1DM and a progressive dementia without significant clinical progression of cerebellar ataxia. HLA typing revealed the presence of an unusual haplotype DRB5*01:01:01∼DRB1*15:01:01∼DQA1*01:02:01 ∼DQB1*05:02:01, together with a classical type 1 diabetes–associated haplotype DRB1*03:01:01∼DQA1*05:01:01∼DQB1*02:01:01 (figure). DRB5*01:01:01∼DRB1*15:01:01∼DQA1*01:02:01 ∼DQB1*05:02:01 is very unusual. In large samples from north European countries, the frequency is typically below 1 for 1,000 patients. We identified no patient with this haplotype in more than 100 French people. In our estimation, the frequency of this haplotype in France must be less than 1 for 5,000 patients. Figure Family tree with the HLA haplotyping of 6 members of the family The colors indicate the bioclinical characteristics of the patients. Black circle: patients with GAD65-Abs without neurologic syndromes (III3 and III4). Red circle: patient with GAD65-Abs and cerebellar ataxia (II3). Blue circle: patient with GAD65-Abs and stiff-person syndrome (III5). Green circle: patients with TPO-Abs (II3, III3, and III5). Her niece (III5, figure) developed signs of progressive muscular rigidity with superimposed spasms at the age of 42 years. The right leg was first affected, followed by the trunk and the left leg. Her medical history was notable for Hashimoto thyroiditis (with anti-TPO at 1,966 IU/mL and anti-TG-Abs at 12,786 IU/mL). Medullary and brain MRI were normal. The CSF study revealed a normal IgG index (0.61; normal <0.7) with many oligoclonal bands (>5) and GAD65-Abs at 250 IU/mL. Serum GAD65-Abs were also positive with a titer above 2,000 IU/mL. EMG confirmed the suspicion of SPS with continuous motor activity and cocontraction of agonist and antagonist muscles of the thigh, hip, and back muscles. Five years later, no diabetes mellitus was observed and no cancer has been found. The patient has been treated with benzodiazepines, immunoglobulins, and cyclophosphamide and experienced only partial recovery. HLA typing revealed that this patient also carried the unusual DRB5*01:01:01∼DRB1*15:01:01∼DQA1*01:02:01∼DQB1*05:02:01 haplotype, together with DRB3*02:02:01∼DRB1*11:04:01∼DQA1*05:05:01∼DQB1*03:01:01 (figure). Familial history. After identification of these 2 index cases, we reviewed the entire family history and extended HLA typing to 6 other members of the family (figure). The entire family is of Caucasian ethnicity. The father of II3 developed dementia and diabetes mellitus, but we have no more information. Of interest, 2 relatives (III3 and III4) without the rare DRB5*01:01:01∼DRB1*15:01:01∼DQA1*01:02:01, ∼DQB1*05:02:01 haplotype had serum GAD65-Abs titer higher than 250 IU/mL. One (III3), the sister of the patient III5 with SPS, developed pernicious anemia with intrinsic antibodies, breast cancer, and thyroiditis, and her brother (III4) had no particular medical history. All the members of the family were examined by JH and had no abnormalities on neurologic examination. No other disease was reported in the other members of the family. Conversely, 4 other members of the family (III 6, 7, 8, and 9) shared the rare DRB5*01:01:01∼DRB1*15:01:01∼DQA1*01:02:01∼DQB1*05:02:01 haplotype but had no GAD65-Abs and no neurologic symptoms. The father of II3 developed dementia and diabetes mellitus, and his HLA haplotype was not characterized. DISCUSSION Very little is known regarding genetic predisposition to autoimmune neurologic syndromes with GAD65-Abs. HLA genetic predisposition to SPS has been studied only in 1 large study of 18 patients, with unremarkable findings, although weak association with DQB1*02 (DQB1*02:01 and DQB1*02:02) was suggested.13 In this study, however the presence of DQB1*06:02, a strong protective allele for type 1 diabetes, was present in some patients with SPS without type 1 diabetes but in none with cooccurring diabetes.13,14 However, a few familial occurrences of neurologic conditions associated with GAD65-Abs have been previously described, 2 families with multiplex familial SPS15,16 and 1 family with 2 sibling sisters with cerebellar ataxia and GAD65-Abs,17 suggesting that genetic factors may be involved (HLA typing was not performed in these cases). In our 2 cases, DQB1*02 was present only in 1 affected case, but both carried an unusual haplotype HLA-DRB1*15:01∼DQA1*01:02∼DQB1*05:02. This haplotype is likely the result from recombination of HLA DRB1*15:01:01∼DQA1*01:02:01∼DQB1*06:02:01 with DRB1*16:01/2∼DQA1*01:02:02∼DQB1*05:02:01, 2 common Caucasian haplotypes. We can also speculate that the father of II3 who developed dementia and diabetes mellitus may also have had this rare haplotype. Although reported rarely in the literature, except in a few patients of Romani people, Northern Indian, and Chinese origin,18,–,20 this haplotype is extremely rare in US and French Caucasians (<0.1%)21 and thus unlikely to be present by chance in these 2 affected patients.20 The rare haplotype, if involved, is however not the sole determinant of disease, as 4 relatives (III 6, 7, 8, and 9) with the haplotype do not have neurologic symptoms or GAD65-Abs. Surprisingly, we also found 2 other relatives (III3 and III4) having high GAD65-Abs titers without neurologic symptoms. This is also unlikely to be a chance phenomenon, as GAD65-Abs are found only in around 1.7% of the general population with or without neurologic disorders.22,23 Of interest, the presence of GAD65-Abs in the general asymptomatic population (including asymptomatic individuals from families with prevalent type 1 diabetes) also correlates with typical type 1 diabetes–associated HLA DRB1*03:01∼DQA1*05:01∼DQB1*02:01 and DRB1*04∼DQA1*03∼DQB1*03:02, notably when both haplotypes are in trans of each other.23,24 In our family, the 2 asymptomatic patients with high GAD65-Abs do not share the same extended HLA subtypes with both affected patients, suggesting that GAD65-Abs are unlinked with HLA alone and that the sole presence of high titers of GAD65-Abs is insufficient to develop neurologic symptoms. One reason could be that GAD65-Abs in affected vs unaffected patients target different epitopes, as has been shown for type 1 diabetes vs SPS.25,–,27 Of interest, a recent study in 6,556 type 1 diabetes cases has shown strong genetic association for the presence of GAD65-Abs not with an HLA region, but with other genes, notably in IFIH1, a locus associated with positivity for TPO and GAD65-Abs28 and involved in other immune phenotypes.29,30 A similar complex genetic susceptibility has already been discussed in neuromyelitis optica (NMO), another autoimmune neurologic disorder associated with antineural antibodies.31 In NMO, around 3% of patients have a familial occurrence of the disease, and familial NMO is indistinguishable from sporadic NMO.31 Furthermore, the association with a specific HLA haplotyping is also highly debated.32 Our family with GAD65-Abs and all the data of the literature suggest that coincident complex genetic factors in the HLA and non-HLA regions should be carefully studied in autoimmune neurologic disorders associated with antineural antibodies. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONs Aude Belbezier contributed to the acquisition of data, analysis, interpretation of the data, drafting the manuscript for intellectual contents. Bastien Joubert contributed to the acquisition of data, analysis, interpretation of the data, critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content. Gonzalo Montero-Martin contributed to the acquisition of data, analysis, interpretation of the data, critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content. Marcelo Fernandez-Vina contributed to the acquisition of data, analysis, interpretation of the data, critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content. Nicole Fabien contributed to the acquisition of data. Véronique Rogemond contributed to the acquisition of data. Emmanuel Mignot contributed to the interpretation of the data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content. Jérôme Honnorat contributed to the study concept and design of the study, critical revision of manuscript for intellectual content, study supervision. STUDY FUNDING This study is supported by research grants from ANR (ANR-14-CE15-0001-MECANO), the Federation pour la recherche sur le cerveau (FRC-Neurodon2014), the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (Programme “équipe FRM” DEQ20170336751), and CSL Behring France. DISCLOSURE A. Belbezier, B. Joubert, and G. Montero-Martin report no disclosures. M. Fernandez-Vina serves on the editorial board of Human Immunology and received research support from NIH-NIAID. N. Fabien and V. Rogemond report no disclosures. E. Mignot served on the scientific advisory board of FDA, Kleine-Levin Syndrome Foundation, National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, Study Task Force on Sleep Research and Member, Membership Committee Section, NIH/NIMH, National Advisory Mental Health Council, Mood Disorders Workgroup, Board of Scientific Counselors, and Restless Leg Syndrome Foundation; served on the editorial board of Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, Public Library of Sciences—Biology, Sleep, Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research Online, and Molecular Biology; receives publishing royalties from Informa Healthcare; consulted for Jazz Pharmaceuticals; received research support from GlaxoSmithKline, Novo Nordisk, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, NIH, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NSBRI, CORI, NASA, and HHMI; and held stock in ResMed. J. Honnorat served on the scientific advisory board of Bristol-Myers Squibb; holds patent for and receives royalties from licensing fees to Athena Diagnostics, Euroimmun, and Ravo Diagnostika for a patent for the use of CV2/CRMP5 as diagnostic tests; and received research support from CSL Behring France. Go to Neurology.org/nn for full disclosure forms. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors thank Dr. Michel Gouttard for his help to collect clinical data. Footnotes Funding information and disclosures are provided at the end of the article. Go to Neurology.org/nn for full disclosure forms. The Article Processing Charge was funded by the ADR05 INSERM, France. Received May 23, 2017. Accepted in final form October 2, 2017. Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. REFERENCES 1.↵Solimena M, Folli F, Aparisi R, et al. Autoantibodies to GABA-ergic neurons and pancreatic beta cells in stiff-man syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1555–1560.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 2.↵Saiz A, Blanco Y, Sabater L, et al. Spectrum of neurological syndromes associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies: diagnostic clues for this association. Brain J Neurol 2008;131:2553–2563.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 3.↵Honnorat J, Saiz A, Giometto B, et al. Cerebellar ataxia with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies: study of 14 patients. Arch Neurol 2001;58:225–230.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 4.↵Malter MP, Elger CE, Surges R. Diagnostic value of CSF findings in antibody-associated limbic and anti-NMDAR-encephalitis. Seizure 2013;22:136–140.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 5.↵Falip M, Carreño M, Miró J, et al. Prevalence and immunological spectrum of temporal lobe epilepsy with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies. Eur J Neurol 2012;19:827–833.OpenUrlPubMed 6.↵Peltola J, Kulmala P, Isojärvi J, et al. Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in patients with therapy-resistant epilepsy. Neurology 2000;55:46–50.OpenUrlPubMed 7.↵Tilikete C, Vighetto A, Trouillas P, et al. Potential role of anti-GAD antibodies in abnormal eye movements. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005;1039:446–454.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 8.↵Dayalu P, Teener JW. Stiff Person syndrome and other anti-GAD-associated neurologic disorders. Semin Neurol 2012;32:544–549.OpenUrl 9.↵Manto MU, Laute MA, Aguera M, et al. Effects of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies associated with neurological diseases. Ann Neurol 2007;61:544–551.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 10.↵Manto M, Honnorat J, Hampe CS, et al. Disease-specific monoclonal antibodies targeting glutamate decarboxylase impair GABAergic neurotransmission and affect motor learning and behavioral functions. Front Behav Neurosci 2015;9:78.OpenUrl 11.↵Gresa-Arribas N, Ariño H, Martínez-Hernández E, et al. Antibodies to inhibitory synaptic proteins in neurological syndromes associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase autoimmunity. PLoS One 2015;10:e0121364.OpenUrlPubMed 12.↵Wang C, Krishnakumar S, Wilhelmy J, et al. High-throughput, high-fidelity HLA genotyping with deep sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012;109:8676–8681. 13.↵Pugliese A, Solimena M, Awdeh ZL, et al. Association of HLA-DQB1*0201 with stiff-man syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:1550–1553.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 14.↵Pugliese A, Gianani R, Eisenbarth GS, et al. Genetics of susceptibility and resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes in stiff-man syndrome. Lancet 1994;344:1027–1028.OpenUrlPubMed 15.↵Burns TM, Jones HR, Phillips LH, et al. Clinically disparate stiff-person syndrome with GAD65 autoantibody in a father and daughter. Neurology 2003;61:1291–1293.OpenUrl 16.↵Xiao Z, Shan J, Huang X, et al. Familial case reports of stiff-person syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 2015;126:2408–2409.OpenUrl 17.↵Kuchling J, Shababi-Klein J, Nümann A, et al. GAD antibody-associated late-onset cerebellar ataxia in two female siblings. Case Rep Neurol 2014;6:264–270.OpenUrl 18.↵Rani R, Fernandez-Viña MA, Stastny P. Associations between HLA class II alleles in a North Indian population. Tissue Antigens 1998;52:37–43.OpenUrlPubMed 19.↵Cerná M, Fernandez-Viña M, Ivásková E, et al. Comparison of HLA class II alleles in Gypsy and Czech populations by DNA typing with oligonucleotide probes. Tissue Antigens 1992;39:111–116.OpenUrlPubMed 20.↵Han F, Lin L, Li J, et al. HLA-DQ association and allele competition in Chinese narcolepsy. Tissue Antigens 2012;80:328–335.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 21.↵Gragert L, Madbouly A, Freeman J, et al. Six-locus high resolution HLA haplotype frequencies derived from mixed-resolution DNA typing for the entire US donor registry. Hum Immunol 2013;74:1313–1320.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 22.↵Dahm L, Ott C, Steiner J, et al. Seroprevalence of autoantibodies against brain antigens in health and disease. Ann Neurol 2014;76:82–94.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 23.↵Sørgjerd EP, Thorsby PM, Torjesen PA, et al. Presence of anti-GAD in a non-diabetic population of adults; time dynamics and clinical influence: results from the HUNT study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2015;3:e000076.OpenUrlPubMed 24.↵Rolandsson O, Hägg E, Janer M, et al. High GAD65 autoantibody levels in nondiabetic adults are associated with HLA but not with CTLA-4 or INS VNTR. J Intern Med 2003;253:447–453.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 25.↵Kim J, Namchuk M, Bugawan T, et al. Higher autoantibody levels and recognition of a linear NH2-terminal epitope in the autoantigen GAD65, distinguish stiff-man syndrome from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Exp Med 1994;180:595–606. 26.↵Chéramy M, Hampe CS, Ludvigsson J, et al. Characteristics of in-vitro phenotypes of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 autoantibodies in high-titre individuals. Clin Exp Immunol 2013;171:247–254.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 27.↵Lohmann T, Londei M, Hawa M, et al. Humoral and cellular autoimmune responses in stiff person syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci 2003;998:215–222.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed 28.↵Brorsson CA, Pociot F; Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. Shared genetic basis for type 1 diabetes, islet autoantibodies, and autoantibodies associated with other immune-mediated diseases in families with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015;38(suppl 2):S8–S13.OpenUrlFREE Full Text 29.↵Bronson PG, Chang D, Bhangale T, et al. Common variants at PVT1, ATG13-AMBRA1, AHI1 and CLEC16A are associated with selective IgA deficiency. Nat Genet 2016;48:1425–1429.OpenUrl 30.↵Melki I, Crow YJ. Novel monogenic diseases causing human autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2015;37:1–5.OpenUrl 31.↵Matiello M, Kim HJ, Kim W, et al. Familial neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2010;75:310–315.OpenUrlCrossRef 32.↵Zéphir H, Fajardy I, Outteryck O, et al. Is neuromyelitis optica associated with human leukocyte antigen? Mult Scler 2009;15:571–579.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
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Josep Dalmau receives the “Scientific Breakthrough 2023” Award from the American Brain Foundation

The accolade recognises the commitment of this Clínic Barcelona-IDIBAPS researcher to deepening our understanding of autoimmune neurological diseases such...
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IDIBAPS creates three multidisciplinary research programs to encourage collaboration among its groups

They are the Translational cancer research program, the Synaptic autoimmunity in neurology, psychiatry and cognitive neuroscience program and the Lymphoid...
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ExTINGUISH: A Beacon of Hope for NMDAR Encephalitis

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MR Imaging Findings in a Large Population of Autoimmune Encephalitis | American Journal of Neuroradiology

MR Imaging Findings in a Large Population of Autoimmune Encephalitis | American Journal of Neuroradiology | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
Research ArticleAdult Brain MR Imaging Findings in a Large Population of Autoimmune Encephalitis S. Gillon, M. Chan, J. Chen, E.L. Guterman, X. Wu, C.M. Glastonbury and Y. Li American Journal of Neuroradiology July 2023, 44 (7) 799-806; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A7907 ArticleFigures & DataInfo & MetricsReferences PDF This article requires a subscription to view the full text. If you have a subscription you may use the login form below to view the article. Access to this article can also be purchased. AbstractBACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Autoimmune encephalitis is a rare condition in which autoantibodies attack neuronal tissue, causing neuropsychiatric disturbances. This study sought to evaluate MR imaging findings associated with subtypes and categories of autoimmune encephalitis.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cases of autoimmune encephalitis with specific autoantibodies were identified from the medical record (2009–2019). Cases were excluded if no MR imaging of the brain was available, antibodies were associated with demyelinating disease, or >1 concurrent antibody was present. Demographics, CSF profile, antibody subtype and group (group 1 intracellular antigen or group 2 extracellular antigen), and MR imaging features at symptom onset were reviewed. Imaging and clinical features were compared across antibody groups using χ2 and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests.RESULTS: Eighty-five cases of autoimmune encephalitis constituting 16 distinct antibodies were reviewed. The most common antibodies were anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (n = 41), anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (n = 7), and anti-voltage-gated potassium channel (n = 6). Eighteen of 85 (21%) were group 1; and 67/85 (79%) were group 2. The median time between MR imaging and antibody diagnosis was 14 days (interquartile range, 4–26 days). MR imaging had normal findings in 33/85 (39%), and 20/33 (61%) patients with normal MRIs had anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies. Signal abnormality was most common in the limbic system (28/85, 33%); 1/68 (1.5%) had susceptibility artifacts. Brainstem and cerebellar involvement were more common in group 1, while leptomeningeal enhancement was more common in group 2.CONCLUSIONS: Sixty-one percent of patients with autoimmune encephalitis had abnormal brain MR imaging findings at symptom onset, most commonly involving the limbic system. Susceptibility artifact is rare and makes autoimmune encephalitis less likely as a diagnosis. Brainstem and cerebellar involvement were more common in group 1, while leptomeningeal enhancement was more common in group 2.ABBREVIATIONS:AIEautoimmune encephalitisanti-Gq1banti-ganglioside Q1banti-LGI1anti-leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1CASPR2contactin-associated protein-like 2GABAgamma-aminobutyric acidGADglutamic acid decarboxylaseGFAPglial fibrillary acidic proteinNMDAN-methyl-D-aspartatePD-1programmed cell death protein 1VGCCvoltage gated calcium channelVGKCvoltage-gated potassium channel© 2023 by American Journal of NeuroradiologyView Full Text Log in using your username and password Username * Password * Forgot your user name or password? PreviousNext Back to top In this issue American Journal of Neuroradiology Vol. 44, Issue 7 1 Jul 2023 Table of ContentsIndex by authorComplete Issue (PDF) Print Download PDF Email Article Citation Tools Share Tweet WidgetFacebook LikeGoogle Plus One Purchase Related ArticlesNo related articles found.PubMedGoogle Scholar Cited By...No citing articles found.CrossrefGoogle Scholar More in this TOC Section Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/MRI in Radiotherapy Planning in Patients with Intermediate-Risk Meningioma Choroid Plexus Calcification Correlates with Cortical Microglial Activation in Humans: A Multimodal PET, CT, MRI Study Show more ADULT BRAIN Similar Articles
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Elevated blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of microglial activation and blood‒brain barrier disruption in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis | Journal of Neuroinflammation | Full Text

Elevated blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of microglial activation and blood‒brain barrier disruption in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis | Journal of Neuroinflammation | Full Text | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
Background Anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune disease characterized by complex neuropsychiatric syndrome and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NMDAR antibodies. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) has been reported to be associated with inflammation of the...
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Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis and positive human herpesvirus-7 deoxyribonucleic acid in cerebrospinal fluid: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text

Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis and positive human herpesvirus-7 deoxyribonucleic acid in cerebrospinal fluid: a case report | Journal of Medical Case Reports | Full Text | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
Background Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a neuroautoimmune syndrome typically presenting with seizures, psychiatric symptoms, and autonomic dysfunction. Human herpesvirus-7 is often found with human herpesvirus-6 and infects leukocytes such as T-cells, monocytes–macrophages,...
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We have a winner! - The Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Foundation Prize, 2023

We have a winner! - The Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Foundation Prize, 2023 | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
It’s that time of year again, when the Foundation is delighted to offer its annual Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis Foundation Prize to a promising neurology trainee ...Read More...
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Antibodies Associated With Autoimmune Encephalitis in Patients With Presumed Neurodegenerative Dementia | Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation

Antibodies Associated With Autoimmune Encephalitis in Patients With Presumed Neurodegenerative Dementia | Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
AbstractBackground & Objectives Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) may present with prominent cognitive disturbances without overt inflammatory changes in MRI and CSF. Identification of these neurodegenerative dementia diagnosis mimics is important because patients generally respond to immunotherapy. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of neuronal antibodies in patients with presumed neurodegenerative dementia and describe the clinical characteristics of the patients with neuronal antibodies.Methods In this retrospective cohort study, 920 patients were included with neurodegenerative dementia diagnosis from established cohorts at 2 large Dutch academic memory clinics. In total, 1,398 samples were tested (both CSF and serum in 478 patients) using immunohistochemistry (IHC), cell-based assays (CBA), and live hippocampal cell cultures (LN). To ascertain specificity and prevent false positive results, samples had to test positive by at least 2 different research techniques. Clinical data were retrieved from patient files.Results Neuronal antibodies were detected in 7 patients (0.8%), including anti-IgLON5 (n = 3), anti-LGI1 (n = 2), anti-DPPX, and anti-NMDAR. Clinical symptoms atypical for neurodegenerative diseases were identified in all 7 and included subacute deterioration (n = 3), myoclonus (n = 2), a history of autoimmune disease (n = 2), a fluctuating disease course (n = 1), and epileptic seizures (n = 1). In this cohort, no patients with antibodies fulfilled the criteria for rapidly progressive dementia (RPD), yet a subacute deterioration was reported in 3 patients later in the disease course. Brain MRI of none of the patients demonstrated abnormalities suggestive for AIE. CSF pleocytosis was found in 1 patient, considered as an atypical sign for neurodegenerative diseases. Compared with patients without neuronal antibodies (4 per antibody-positive patient), atypical clinical signs for neurodegenerative diseases were seen more frequently among the patients with antibodies (100% vs 21%, p = 0.0003), especially a subacute deterioration or fluctuating course (57% vs 7%, p = 0.009).Discussion A small, but clinically relevant proportion of patients suspected to have neurodegenerative dementias have neuronal antibodies indicative of AIE and might benefit from immunotherapy. In patients with atypical signs for neurodegenerative diseases, clinicians should consider neuronal antibody testing. Physicians should keep in mind the clinical phenotype and confirmation of positive test results to avoid false positive results and administration of potential harmful therapy for the wrong indication.GlossaryAD=Alzheimer dementia; AIE=autoimmune encephalitis; CBA=cell-based assays; DLB=dementia with Lewy bodies; IHC=immunohistochemistry; LN=live hippocampal cell cultures; PPA=primary progressive aphasia; PSP=progressive supranuclear palsy; RPD=rapidly progressive dementia; VGCC=voltage-gated calcium channelCognitive dysfunction can be the presenting and most prominent symptom in patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AIE).1,2 In contrast to neurodegenerative diseases, patients with antibody-mediated encephalitis might benefit from immunotherapy and improve considerably.3,4 The presence of neuronal antibodies has been reported predominantly in rapidly progressive dementia (RPD).5,6 However, AIE can present less fulminantly and is therefore potentially missed, resulting in diagnosis and treatment delay or even misdiagnosis.7,8 We hypothesized that a small—but not insignificant—part of dementia syndromes is indeed caused by antibody-mediated encephalitis and underdiagnosed, withholding these patients' available treatments. The wish to diagnose every single patient with autoimmune encephalitis is in opposition with the risk for false positive tests.9 Therefore, we strictly adhere to confirmation of positive test results with 2 different test techniques. In this study, we describe the frequency of neuronal antibodies in a cohort of patients diagnosed with various dementia syndromes in a memory clinic. In addition, we present clues to improve clinical recognition of AIE in dementia syndromes.MethodsPatients and Laboratory StudiesIn this retrospective multicenter study, we tested for the presence of neuronal antibodies in serum and CSF samples from patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative dementia diagnosis, included earlier prospectively in established cohorts at 2 large Dutch academic memory clinics (Erasmus University Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc)10 between 1998 and 2016 (84% last 10 years). All patients fulfilled the core clinical criteria for dementia, as defined by the National Institutes of Aging-Alzheimer Association workgroups.11 Patients were classified into 4 subgroups (based on diagnostic criteria): Alzheimer dementia (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD; both behavioral variant and primary progressive aphasia [PPA]), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and other dementia syndromes.11,-,14 Rapidly progressive dementia was defined as dementia within 12 months or death within 2 years after the appearance of the first cognitive symptoms.15 Patients with vascular dementia were not included. Clinic information was retrieved from the prospectively collected data. A subacute deterioration was defined as a marked progression of symptoms in 3 months and a fluctuating course as a disease course fluctuating over a longer period (e.g., weeks to months; different from the fluctuations within a day as seen in some patients with DLB). Dementia markers were scored according to the reference values (per year and per center; included in Table 1).View inline View popup Table 1 Patient Characteristics of Auto-antibody Positive PatientsAll samples, stored in both cohorts' biobanks, were screened for immunoreactivity with immunohistochemistry (IHC), as previously described.16 Preferably, paired serum and CSF were tested for optimal sensitivity and specificity. Samples that were showing a positive or questionable staining pattern were tested more extensively using validated commercial cell-based assays (CBA) and in-house CBA (eTable 1, links.lww.com/NXI/A869). In addition, these samples were tested with live hippocampal cell cultures (LN).16,17 To ascertain specificity, only samples that could be confirmed by CBA or LN were scored as positive because there is a higher risk for false-positive test results in this population with a low a priori chance to have encephalitis.9,18 If IHC was suggestive for antibodies against intracellular (paraneoplastic) targets, this was explored by a different IHC technique.19 Anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO), voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC), or low titer glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies were not tested for because these are generally nonspecific at these ages and are not associated with dementia syndromes.Antibody-positive patients were described exploratory and compared with a randomly selected antibody-negative group (ratio 1:4) matched for memory clinic, dementia subtype, sex, and age (±5 years). For these comparisons, medical records were additionally assessed for both the antibody-positive and antibody-negative patients. All antibody-positive patients were reviewed by a panel consisting of neurologists specialized in neurodegenerative (F.J., H.S., J.S.) or autoimmune diseases (J.V., P.S.S., M.T.), and a consensus classification of AIE vs AIE with a neurodegenerative dementia comorbidity was reached.Statistical AnalysisWe used IBM SPSS 25.0 (SPSS Inc) and Prism 8.4.3 (GraphPad) for statistical analysis. Baseline characteristics were analyzed using the Fisher exact test, the Fisher-Freeman-Halton test, or the Kruskal-Wallis test, when appropriate. For group comparisons, encompassing categorical data, we used the Pearson χ2 test or the Fisher-Freeman-Halton test, when appropriate. Continuous data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. All p-values were two-sided and considered statistically significant when below 0.05. We applied no correction for multiple testing, and therefore, p values between 0.05 and 0.005 should be interpreted carefully.Standard Protocol Approvals, Registrations, and Patient ConsentsThe study was approved by The Institutional Review Boards of Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam and Amsterdam University Medical Center, location VUmc. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients.Data AvailabilityAny data not published within this article are available at the Erasmus MC University Medical Center. Patient-related data will be shared on reasonable request from any qualified investigator, maintaining anonymization of the individual patients.ResultsIn total, 1,398 samples from 920 patients were tested (Figure; in 478, both CSF and serum [52%]). Three-hundred fifty-eight patients were classified as AD (39%), 283 FTD (31%), and 161 DLB (17%). The fourth subgroup with other dementia syndromes consisted of 118 patients (13%), including progressive supranuclear palsy (n = 48, 5%) and corticobasal syndrome (n = 29, 3%). The median age at disease onset was 62 years (range 16–90 years). Male patients were overrepresented (n = 542, 59%), and 60 patients (7%) fulfilled the criteria for rapidly progressive dementia (RPD; eTable 2, links.lww.com/NXI/A869).<img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image" alt="Figure" width="440" height="305" src="https://nn.neurology.org/content/nnn/10/5/e200137/F1.medium.gif">Download figure Open in new tab Download powerpoint Figure Flowchart of Patient Inclusion With Antibody ResultsIn total, 920 patients (1,398 samples) with a presumed neurodegenerative dementia syndrome were tested for the presence of neuronal antibodies in serum and CSF. Neuronal antibodies were detected in 7 patients (0.8%, 95% CI 0.2–1.3); five among the 358 Alzheimer disease patients. Subclassification of the ‘other’ group is provided in supplementary table eTable 2 (links.lww.com/NXI/A869). AD = Alzheimer disease; DLB = diffuse Lewy body dementia; DPPX = dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-like protein 6; FTD = frontotemporal dementia; IgLON5 = Ig-like domain-containing protein family member 5; LGI1 = leucin-rich glioma inactivated protein 1; NMDAR = N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor; S = serum.Neuronal antibodies were detected in 7 patients (0.8%; 5 in the AD group: 1.4%; Figure), including anti-IgLON5 (n = 3), anti-LGI1 (n = 2), anti-DPPX (n = 1), and anti-NMDAR antibodies (n = 1; Table 1). Among these 7, 4 patients were diagnosed retrospectively with an exclusive diagnosis of AIE, while 3 patients were classified to have AIE (anti-IgLON5 [n = 2] and anti-NMDAR antibodies [n = 1]) with a neurodegenerative dementia comorbidity. No patients with antibodies fulfilled the criteria for RPD, yet a subacute deterioration later in the disease was reported in 3 patients. Atypical clinical signs for neurodegenerative diseases were present in 7 of 7 antibody-positive patients (100% vs 21% in antibody-negative patients, p = 0.0003; Table 2). These included a subacute deterioration (n = 3), myoclonus (n = 2), a fluctuating disease course over months (n = 1), a history of autoimmune disease (n = 2), and epileptic seizures (n = 1; Table 1). Brain MRI of none of the patients demonstrated abnormalities suggestive for active AIE, in particular no hippocampal swelling nor increased T2-signal intensity. CSF pleocytosis was found in 1 patient. CSF biomarkers (t-tau, p-tau, and Aβ42) were tested in 5 of 7 patients, and t-tau and p-tau were increased in 4, while a low Aβ42 was seen in 2. Of note, only 1 patient had the combination of reduced Aβ42 and increased p-tau/t-tau, and was diagnosed with a comorbid AD. No patient received immunotherapy. Two patients still alive (1 anti-LG1, 1 anti-DPPX positive) were contacted but refused to visit our clinic to try very delayed immunotherapy trials. It is of interest that the patient with anti-DPPX antibodies showed spontaneous improvement of cognitive disturbances, atypical for a pure neurodegenerative disease.View inline View popup Table 2 Comparisons Between Patients With Neuronal Auto-antibodies and Antibody-Negative PatientsCompared with the patients without neuronal antibodies, subacute cognitive deterioration or fluctuating course was present more frequently (4/7 [57%] vs 2/28 [7%], p = 0.009). Although movement disorders (myoclonus) and autoimmune disorders were present in 2 of 7 patients each, this did not reach significance (Table 2).DiscussionIn this large, multicenter, cohort study consisting of patients with a presumed neurodegenerative dementia diagnosis, we show that a small, but clinically relevant proportion (0.8%) have neuronal antibodies. In this particular group, 4 of 7 antibody-positive patients presented with an atypical clinical course (subacute deterioration or fluctuating disease course), which is considered as a clinical clue (‘red flag’) for an antibody-mediated etiology of dementia.4 It is important that a fluctuating disease course was observed over a longer period (e.g., weeks or months) in AIE and should not be confused with shorter fluctuations of cognition or alertness (over the day) in DLB. Other known red flags, which we observed in these 7 patients, were myoclonus, epilepsy, pleocytosis, or a history of autoimmune disorders, as described earlier.1,4,-,6 Compared with antibody-negative patients, no significant difference was found related to these symptoms alone, probably due to the low number of positive patients and related low power. However, atypical clinical signs for neurodegenerative diseases together were seen significantly more frequently in the antibody-positive group. Within this cohort mostly devoid of patients with RPD, none of the antibody-positive patients fulfilled the criteria for RPD, nor ancillary testing showed specific signs for AIE in most patients. This implicates that AIE can resemble more protracted, progressive neurodegenerative dementia syndromes, as we reported earlier.1Three antibody-positive patients had IgLON5 antibodies, which is a very rare and known to have heterogeneous (chronic) clinical manifestations, including pronounced sleep problems, cognitive dysfunction, and movement disorders.20,21 Misdiagnosis with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is reported, mainly associated with the preceding movement disorders. In addition, half of the patients have cognitive impairment of whom 20% fulfilled clinical criteria for dementia.21 It is of interest that IgLON5 disease shares features with neurodegeneration because autopsy studies showed tau deposits.22 However, there is a strong HLA association,20 and studies show that antibodies directly bind to surface IgLON5 on neurons and directly alter neuronal function and structure,23 suggesting a primary inflammatory disease.In previous research, a notably higher frequency (14%) of neuronal antibodies in patients with dementia was reported by Giannocaro et al.24 The discrepancy with our test results is probably explained by differences in patient selection and antibody testing methodology. First, 30% of the patients in the cohort described by Giannocaro et al. demonstrated CSF inflammatory abnormalities, indicating a relatively high pretest probability of antibody-positivity compared with our study.24 A lack of CSF pleocytosis probably better represents the population of memory clinics. Second, the previous study exclusively tested serum by cell-based assay without confirmatory tests nor testing antibodies in CSF.24 We only considered antibody test results positive when confirmed by additional techniques to avoid suboptimal specificity and false-positive test results.9Previous studies, including our own, suggested RPD as a relevant red flag for AIE,1,4,9,25 but we cannot determine this from our study based on the design of our study. We included patients at tertiary memory clinics without overt signs or symptoms suggestive for encephalitis. Therefore, the amount of patients with RPD included was very limited (7%), comparable with other large dementia cohort studies, as was the amount of patients with abnormal ancillary testing suggestive for AIE because this would have prompted a different approach than referral to a tertiary memory clinic. These patients with RPD and ancillary testing suggestive of AIE were not included in our study. Inclusion of those patients would have likely increased our rate of positivity.The strength of our study is the large number of paired samples (serum and CSF combined) from a cohort with various presumed neurodegenerative diseases without AIE suspicion, representative for academic memory clinics. A limitation is the lack of neuropathologic data to support our findings and make diagnoses of neurodegeneration or inflammation definite. To confirm if the symptoms are related to the presence of antibodies, we tried to overcome this concern in different ways. First, the presence of antibodies in serum and CSF was confirmed by different techniques (cell-based assay, tissue immunohistochemistry, and cultured live neurons), indicating optimal test specificity. Second, afterward patients were thoroughly reviewed by a panel of neurologists specialized in neurodegenerative or autoimmune disease to detect atypical signs and symptoms related to AIE. This is a very large cohort of patients with dementia examined for the presence of neuronal antibodies. Nevertheless, an important limitation of this study is the small number of antibody-positive patients, underpowering the probability to identify significant differences between antibody-positive and antibody-negative patients. The low number of patients with RPD has probably added to this small number, and a prospective study including patients with RPD is recommended. Nevertheless, several probable red flags could be identified. Diagnosing AIE in patients with dementia is highly relevant because these patients might respond to immunotherapy. Therefore, clinicians should test for neuronal antibody in patients demonstrating red flags suggestive for an autoimmune etiology, if possible early in disease course. When profound temporal lobe atrophy already has developed, little effect is to be expected. Red flags identified in this study are subacute deterioration or fluctuating course. Other red flags described previously, we also see reflected in our study, are autoimmune disorders, myoclonus, seizures, and pleocytosis,1,4,-,6 Preferably, both serum and CSF should be tested and confirmed by additional techniques. Always consider the possibility of a false positive test result, especially when only using a single technique (like the commercial cell-based assay). If the clinical phenotype is atypical, confirmation in a research laboratory should be mandatory. The use of antibody panels is discouraged, especially including the paraneoplastic blots, because these are associated with higher risks of lack of clinical relevance.26 This caution is even more warranted for tests not associated with neurodegenerative syndromes, but with a history of nonspecificity, including VGKC (in the absence of LGI1 or CASPR2), VGCC, anti-TPO, and low-titer anti-GAD65.27,-,30 Further research should focus on improving clinical recognition of AIE in patients with dementia determining the effect of immunotherapy in this specific patient category and assessing the frequency of AIE in RPD.In conclusion, we have shown that a clinically relevant, albeit small proportion of patients with a suspected neurodegenerative disease and nonrapidly progressive course have neuronal antibodies indicative of AIE.Study FundingM.J. Titulaer was supported by an Erasmus MC fellowship and has received funding from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, Veni incentive), ZonMw (Memorabel program), the Dutch Epilepsy Foundation (NEF 14-19 & 19-08), Dioraphte (2001 0403), and E-RARE JTC 2018 (UltraAIE, 90030376505). F. Leypoldt has received funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research (01GM1908A) and the Era-Net funding program (LE3064/2-1).DisclosureA.E.M. Bastiaansen reports no disclosures. R.W. van Steenhoven reports no disclosures. Research programs of Wiesje van der Flier have been funded by ZonMW, now, EUFP7, EU-JPND, Alzheimer Nederland, Hersenstichting CardioVascular Onderzoek Nederland, Health∼Holland, Topsector Life Sciences & Health, stichting Dioraphte, Gieskes-Strijbis fonds, stichting Equilibrio, Edwin Bouw fonds, Pasman stichting, stichting Alzheimer & Neuropsychiatrie Foundation, Philips, Biogen MA Inc, Novartis-NL, Life-MI, AVID, Roche BV, Fujifilm, and Combinostics. W.M. van der Flier holds the Pasman chair. W.M. van der Flier is recipient of ABOARD, which is a public-private partnership receiving funding from ZonMW (#73305095007) and Health Holland, Topsector Life Sciences & Health (PPP-allowance; #LSHM20106). All funding is paid to her institution. WF has performed contract research for Biogen MA Inc and Boehringer Ingelheim. All funding is paid to her institution. W.M. van der Flier has been an invited speaker at Boehringer Ingelheim, Biogen MA Inc, Danone, Eisai, WebMD Neurology (Medscape), and Springer Healthcare. All funding is paid to her institution. W.M. van der Flier is consultant to Oxford Health Policy Forum CIC, Roche, and Biogen MA Inc. All funding is paid to her institution. W.M. van der Flier participated in advisory boards of Biogen MA Inc and Roche. All funding is paid to her institution. W.M. van der Flier is a member of the steering committee of PAVE and Think Brain Health. W.M. van der Flier was an associate editor of Alzheimer, Research & Therapy in 2020/2021. W.M. van der Flier is an associate editor at Brain. Research of C. Teunissen was supported by the European Commission (Marie Curie International Training Network, Grant Agreement No. 860197 (MIRIADE)), Innovative Medicines Initiatives 3TR (Horizon 2020, Grant No. 831434), EPND (IMI 2 Joint Undertaking (JU) under Grant Agreement No. 101034344) and JPND (bPRIDE), National MS Society (Progressive MS alliance) and Health Holland, the Dutch Research Council (ZonMW), Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation, The Selfridges Group Foundation, Alzheimer Netherlands, and Alzheimer Association. C. Teunissen is recipient of ABOARD, which is a public-private partnership receiving funding from ZonMW (#73305095007) and Health∼Holland, Topsector Life Sciences & Health (PPP-allowance, #LSHM20106). ABOARD also receives funding from Edwin Bouw Fonds and Gieskes-Strijbisfonds. C. Teunissen has a collaboration contract with ADx Neurosciences, Quanterix, and Eli Lilly, performed contract research or received grants from AC-Immune, Axon Neurosciences, Bioconnect, Bioorchestra, Brainstorm Therapeutics, Celgene, EIP Pharma, Eisai, Grifols, Novo Nordisk, PeopleBio, Roche, Toyama, and Vivoryon. She serves on editorial boards of Medidact Neurologie/Springer, Alzheimer Research and Therapy, and Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation and is an editor of a Neuromethods book Springer. She had speaker contracts for Roche, Grifols, and Novo Nordisk. E. de Graaff holds a patent for the detection of anti-DNER antibodies. M.M.P. Nagtzaam reports no disclosures. M. Paunovic reports no disclosures. S. Franken reports no disclosures. M.W.J. Schreurs reports no disclosures. F. Leypoldt has received speakers honoraria from Grifols, Roche, Novartis, Alexion, and Biogen and serves on an advisory board for Roche and Biogen. He works for an academic institution (University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein) which offers commercial autoantibody testing. P.A.E. Sillevis Smitt holds a patent for the detection of anti-DNER and received research support from Euroimmun. J.M. de Vries reports no disclosures. H. Seelaar reports no disclosures. J.C. van Swieten reports no disclosures. F.J. de Jong reports no disclosures. Y.A.L. Pijnenburg Research of Alzheimer center Amsterdam is part of the neurodegeneration research program of Amsterdam Neuroscience. Alzheimer Center Amsterdam is supported by Stichting Alzheimer Nederland and Stichting VUmc fonds. The chair of Wiesje van der Flier is supported by the Pasman stichting. M.J. Titulaer has filed a patent, on behalf of the Erasmus MC, for methods for typing neurologic disorders and cancer, and devices for use therein, and has received research funds for serving on a scientific advisory board of Horizon Therapeutics, for consultation at Guidepoint Global LLC, for consultation at UCB, for teaching colleagues by Novartis. MT has received an unrestricted research grant from Euroimmun AG and from CSL Behring. Go to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosure.AcknowledgmentThe authors thank all patients for their participation. The authors also thank Esther Hulsenboom and Ashraf Jozefzoon-Aghai for their technical assistance. M.W.J. Schreurs, F. Leypoldt, P.A.E. Sillevis Smitt, J.M. de Vries, and M.J. Titulaer of this publication are members of the European Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory, and Autoimmune Diseases—Project ID No. 739543 (ERN-RITA; HCP Erasmus MC and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein). H. Seelaar, J.C. van Swieten, and F.J. de Jong of this publication are members of the European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases—Project ID 73910. Research of the VUmc Alzheimer center is part of the neurodegeneration research program of Amsterdam Neuroscience. The Alzheimer Center VUmc is supported by Alzheimer Nederland and Stichting VUmc Fonds. The clinical database structure was developed with funding from Stichting Dioraphte.Appendix Authors<img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image" alt="Table" src="https://nn.neurology.org/content/nnn/10/5/e200137/T3.medium.gif"; width="599" height="2531">FootnotesGo to Neurology.org/NN for full disclosures. Funding information is provided at the end of the article.The Article Processing Charge was funded the authors.Submitted and externally peer reviewed. The handling editor was Editor Josep O. Dalmau, MD, PhD, FAAN.Received December 8, 2022.Accepted in final form May 8, 2023.Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND), which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.References1.↵Bastiaansen AEM, van Steenhoven RW, de Bruijn M, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis resembling dementia syndromes. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021;8(5):e1039.OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text2.↵Lancaster E, Lai M, Peng X, et al. Antibodies to the GABA(B) receptor in limbic encephalitis with seizures: case series and characterisation of the antigen. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(1):67-76.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed3.↵Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2013;12(2):157-165.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed4.↵Flanagan EP, McKeon A, Lennon VA, et al. Autoimmune dementia: clinical course and predictors of immunotherapy response. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(10):881-897.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed5.↵Geschwind MD, Tan KM, Lennon VA, et al. Voltage-gated potassium channel autoimmunity mimicking creutzfeldt-jakob disease. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(10):1341-1346.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed6.↵Grau-Rivera O, Sanchez-Valle R, Saiz A, et al. Determination of neuronal antibodies in suspected and definite Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(1):74-78.OpenUrl7.↵Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Late-onset anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Neurology. 2013;81(12):1058-1063.OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text8.↵Gaig C, Graus F, Compta Y, et al. Clinical manifestations of the anti-IgLON5 disease. 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Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(2):122-123.OpenUrl19.↵van Coevorden-Hameete MH, Titulaer MJ, Schreurs MW, et al. Detection and characterization of autoantibodies to neuronal cell-surface antigens in the central nervous system. Front Mol Neurosci. 2016;9:37.OpenUrl20.↵Sabater L, Gaig C, Gelpi E, et al. A novel non-rapid-eye movement and rapid-eye-movement parasomnia with sleep breathing disorder associated with antibodies to IgLON5: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and post-mortem study. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(6):575-586.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed21.↵Gaig C, Compta Y, Heidbreder A, et al. Frequency and characterization of movement disorders in anti-IgLON5 disease. Neurology. 2021;97(14):e1367–e1381.OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text22.↵Gelpi E, Hoftberger R, Graus F, et al. Neuropathological criteria of anti-IgLON5-related tauopathy. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;132(4):531-543.OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed23.↵Landa J, Gaig C, Plaguma J, et al. 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Autoimmune Encephalitis Consensus Criteria | Neurology Clinical Practice

Autoimmune Encephalitis Consensus Criteria | Neurology Clinical Practice | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
June 2023; 13 (3) Editorial Autoimmune Encephalitis Consensus CriteriaLessons Learned From Real-World Practice View ORCID ProfileJeffrey M. Gelfand, Chu-Yueh Guo First published April 25, 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000200155 Full PDF Citation Permissions Make Comment See Comments Downloads133 Share Article Info & Disclosures This article requires a subscription to view the full text. If you have a subscription you may use the login form below to view the article. Access to this article can also be purchased. Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) encompasses a spectrum of neurologic disorders caused by brain inflammation, a subset of which is associated with autoantibodies to neuronal cell-surface antigens such as anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor AE or anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) AE.1 Up to half of patients with AE, however, do not have abnormal neuronal or glial autoantibodies identified and are classified as having “seronegative” AE.2 Clinical antibody testing can take several days to result, a time in which clinicians caring for patients with suspected AE may wish to initiate empiric immunosuppressive therapy. Antibody testing is also not readily accessible in some health care settings and, even when technically available, may require time-consuming advocacy with local clinical laboratories to justify relatively costly send-out testing. To add further complexity, some patients with immunoreactive (e.g., laboratory true-positive) antibodies do not have clinical AE, and over-reliance and misapplication of antibody testing were identified as important contributors to AE misdiagnosis in a 2023 multicenter analysis.3FootnotesFunding information and disclosures are provided at the end of the article. Full disclosure form information provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at Neurology.org/cp.See page e200151© 2023 American Academy of NeurologyView Full Text AAN Members We have changed the login procedure to improve access between AAN.com and the Neurology journals. If you are experiencing issues, please log out of AAN.com and clear history and cookies. (For instructions by browser, please click the instruction pages below). After clearing, choose preferred Journal and select login for AAN Members. You will be redirected to a login page where you can log in with your AAN ID number and password. When you are returned to the Journal, your name should appear at the top right of the page. Google Safari Microsoft Edge Firefox Click here to login AAN Non-Member Subscribers Click here to login Purchase access For assistance, please contact: AAN Members (800) 879-1960 or (612) 928-6000 (International) Non-AAN Member subscribers (800) 638-3030 or (301) 223-2300 option 3, select 1 (international) Sign Up Information on how to subscribe to Neurology and Neurology: Clinical Practice can be found here Purchase Individual access to articles is available through the Add to Cart option on the article page. Access for 1 day (from the computer you are currently using) is US$ 39.00. Pay-per-view content is for the use of the payee only, and content may not be further distributed by print or electronic means. The payee may view, download, and/or print the article for his/her personal, scholarly, research, and educational use. Distributing copies (electronic or otherwise) of the article is not allowed. You May Also be Interested in Back to top Safety and Efficacy of Tenecteplase and Alteplase in Patients With Tandem Lesion Stroke: A Post Hoc Analysis of the EXTEND-IA TNK Trials Dr. Nicole Sur and Dr. Mausaminben Hathidara ► Watch Related Articles Autoimmune Encephalitis Criteria in Clinical Practice Topics Discussed All Clinical Neurology Autoimmune diseases Encephalitis Alert Me Alert me when eletters are published
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Predictive Value of Serum Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis

Predictive Value of Serum Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
Increased serum NfL levels reflect neuroaxonal damage in anti-NMDAR encephalitis. No relationship was identified with disease severity, whereas the association with outcome was confounded by age.The implied role of sampling timing on NfL levels also limits the applicability of NfL as a prognostic...
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Frontiers | The MOG antibody associated encephalitis preceded by COVID-19 infection; a case study and systematic review of the literature

Frontiers | The MOG antibody associated encephalitis preceded by COVID-19 infection; a case study and systematic review of the literature | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
BackgroundNew neurological complications of COVID-19 infection have been reported in recent research. Among them, the spectrum of anti-MOG positive diseases, defined as anti-MOG antibody associated disease (MOGAD), is distinguished, which can manifest as optic neuritis, myelitis, or various forms...
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Enceph-IG Study - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences - University of Liverpool

Enceph-IG Study - Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences - University of Liverpool | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
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A Rare Presentation of Steroid-responsive Encephalopathy Associated with Autoimmune Thyroiditis with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms: A Case Report

A Rare Presentation of Steroid-responsive Encephalopathy Associated with Autoimmune Thyroiditis with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms: A Case Report | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
A 42-year-old woman presented in the emergency department with acute onset whole-body myoclonic jerks for 1 day.On enquiry, the patient’s parents advised...
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Pioneering Research in Autoimmune Neurology: Vanda Lennon, M.D., Ph.D.

Pioneering Research in Autoimmune Neurology: Vanda Lennon, M.D., Ph.D. | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
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New center to spotlight neurological autoimmune disorders

New center to spotlight neurological autoimmune disorders | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
How do neurological disorders arise that are caused, triggered, or influenced by antibodies? What better possibilities are there for diagnosis – and above all for treatment? These are the questions addressed by the new Clinical Research Unit “BecauseY” headed by Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin.
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Progressive alliance advances science through patient-powered research

Progressive alliance advances science through patient-powered research | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
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ENCEPH-IG Trial: The Challenges Of Running A Rare Disease Trial - Centre for Trials Research

ENCEPH-IG Trial: The Challenges Of Running A Rare Disease Trial - Centre for Trials Research | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
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30 neurological disorders every doctor should know about –

30 neurological disorders every doctor should know about – | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
Neurology is a jungle of disorders and syndromes. This creates a challenge for doctors and medical students... What to prioritise for learning and practice? *** To solve this conundrum... We combed the extensive database of Neurochecklists...
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A score that predicts 1-year functional status in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

A score that predicts 1-year functional status in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
The NEOS score accurately predicts 1-year functional status in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. This score could help estimate the clinical course following diagnosis and may aid in identifying patients who could benefit from novel therapies.
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Canadian Blood Services needs thousands more donors to roll up their sleeves | CBC News

Canadian Blood Services needs thousands more donors to roll up their sleeves | CBC News | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
Canadian Blood Services is looking to fill 150,000 appointments for people willing to donate their blood or plasma to tackle a shortage.
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A catatonic woman awakened after 20 years. Her story may change psychiatry – My Health CRM

A catatonic woman awakened after 20 years. Her story may change psychiatry – My Health CRM | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
New research suggests that a subset of patients with psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia may actually have autoimmune disease that attacks the brain...
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Case Report: Paroxysmal weakness of unilateral limb as an initial symptom in anti-LGI1 encephalitis: a report of five cases

Case Report: Paroxysmal weakness of unilateral limb as an initial symptom in anti-LGI1 encephalitis: a report of five cases | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
Anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) encephalitis is the second most common kind of autoimmune encephalitis following anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis.Anti-LGI1 encephalitis is characterized by cognitive impairment or rapid progressive dementia, psychiatric disorders...
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Medical Moment: The signs of ‘brain-on-fire’ disease

Medical Moment: The signs of ‘brain-on-fire’ disease | AntiNMDA | Scoop.it
(WNDU) - Imagine being totally fine one day, then the next, you’re having hallucinations, seizures, memory loss, and even trouble talking.It’s called “brain-on-fire” disease or anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. It’s a rare neurological disorder that can cause inflammation in the brain.It occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the NMDA receptors in the brain, which are responsible for regulating communication between nerve cells. Brain-on-fire disease is often misdiagnosed as other neurological disorders or psychiatric illnesses because its symptoms are similar to those of many other conditions.However, a blood or cerebrospinal fluid test can help diagnose the disease by detecting the presence of antibodies that attack the NMDA receptors in the brain. The disease is rare as it affects one in 1.5 million people a year.Katie Miller would be one of those people.Hunting, mountain biking, horseback riding - you name it, Katie Miler would do it... until she couldn’t.“I just didn’t feel like myself, like normal,” Katie recalled.“Katie said, ‘Mom, I feel like my brain snapped,’” said Colleen Miller, Katie’s mother.Local doctors admitted Katie into a psychiatric ward, but what was happening to Katie wasn’t mental; it was physical.“What happens is you’re perfectly normal one day, and suddenly overnight, this person can become paranoid, can start having visual hallucinations, auditory hallucinations,” explained Stacy Clardy, MD, PhD, an autoimmune neurologist at the University of Utah.Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is misdiagnosed as a psychiatric disorder in up to 40% of patients.“So, for many of the females, especially after puberty, they can develop what’s called an ovarian dermoid cyst or an ovarian teratoma,” Dr. Clardy said.These cysts often have hair and teeth in them. The immune system sees it as foreign and attacks it, but...“In these cysts, there is a component of tissue that really is brain tissue,” Dr. Clardy continued.Within four days, Katie was catatonic and needed a ventilator to breathe. There is no single approved treatment. That’s why a five-year, nationwide clinical trial is testing whether a drug called Inebilizumab will stop the assault on the brain. It has the potential to improve outcomes for patients who are not responding to other treatments and may also lead to fewer long-term neurological effects.Katie had her cyst removed; she can’t remember three months of her life. But now, with various medications, Katie is on her way to recovery.Up to 50% of patients can suffer long-term consequences, especially cognitive and mood symptoms.Copyright 2023 WNDU. All rights reserved.
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